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Sound Recording and Popular Music

Sound Recording and Popular Music. Chapter 5.

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Sound Recording and Popular Music

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  1. Sound Recording and Popular Music Chapter 5

  2. “How will we ‘consume’—or ‘appropriate,’ poach, pirate, remix and mashup—popular recorded music in the future?…Who will control the sound-recording industry in the years to come…? What messages will songwriters, singers, and musicians convey to us through their work? And how will artists profit from their efforts?”

  3. From Cylinders to Disks • The development stage • de Martinville, France, 1850s • The entrepreneurial stage • Edison develops phonograph, 1877 • Bell and Tainter develop graphophone, 1886

  4. From Cylinders to Disks (cont.) • The mass-medium stage • Berliner develops gramophone, invents mass-produced records, 1887 • Victrolas become first record-playing phonographs, early 1900s • Electric record players replace Victrolas, 1920s • LPs and 45s become widely available, 1950s

  5. From Records to Tapesto CDs to MP3s • Stereo sound developed, 1950s • Portable cassette players replace reel-to-reel, 1960s • Digital recording, 1970s • CDs, 1980s • MP3 and illegal file-swapping issues, 2000s–present

  6. Records and Radio • ASCAP is founded, 1914 • Establishes music-rights fees for radio • Starts charging stations to play music, 1925 • Many can’t afford fees and have to leave the air • Radio and the recording industry join forces against TV, 1950s • Recording industry pushes for high royalty charges in reaction to Internet streaming, 2000s

  7. U.S. Pop Music • Tin Pan Alley helps transform pop into big business, late 1800s • Jazz develops in New Orleans, early 1900s • “Crooners” gain prominence,1930s–1940s • Blues and R&B sets stage for rock,1940s • Rock and Roll is born, 1950s

  8. Rock Blurs Boundaries • High and low culture • Chuck Berry’s “Roll Over Beethoven” • Masculine and feminine • Androgynous male performers • Country and city • Rockabilly • Sounding “black” or “white”

  9. Rock Blurs Boundaries (cont.) • North and South • R&B influences move north • Sacred and secular • Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis

  10. Rock and Roll Embattled • White artists cover black music • Transform R&B songs to hits on white charts • Black artists receive little recognition or money • Turning point occurs when Ray Charles covers No. 1 hit of white musician • Censorship • Delinquency on the rise in 1950s; rock blamed • Clean-cut white singers promoted by music industry in response

  11. Evolution of Pop Music: 1960s • British invasion splits rock into two styles • Gritty, high-volume rock • Rolling Stones • Melodic, softer sound • Beatles • Motown • Develops soul music • Supremes • Marvin Gaye

  12. Evolution of Pop Music: 1960s (cont.) • Folk music • Artists protest poverty, racism, war • Bob Dylan • Joan Baez • Psychedelic era • Artists use drugs to enhance artistic prowess, defy government • Jefferson Airplane • Jimi Hendrix

  13. Evolution of Pop Music: 1970s • Mainstream rock • “Faceless” supergroups play to arenas • Boston • REO Speedwagon • Punk • Returns to roots of simple chords, catchy music, socially challenging lyrics • Sex Pistols • Ramones

  14. Evolution of Pop Music: 1980s–90s • Alternative rock • Grunge one of many types of experimental rock • Broke from “glam” rock of 1970s • More commercially successful than punk • Builds on spirit of punk with bands like Nirvana

  15. Evolution of Pop Music: 1980s–90s • Hip-Hop • Emerges to defy polished, professional world of soul • Spawns gangster rap • One of the most popular music forms today • Country • Popular genre since early days of pop • Many styles represent variations in development • Nashville sound • Pop country • New country

  16. Economics of Sound Recording • Traditional business model breaks down • Money comes from sources other than sales • Tours, download fees • Three corporations now control most of industry worldwide: • Sony BMG Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group, and Warner Music Group • Critics say they only promote mainstream artists • Five thousand indies left to take risks • Promote new or older artists

  17. Economics: Money In • Sales down dramatically • By 2010, U.S. music sales had fallen to $8.5 billion from $14.5 billion peak in 1999 • Internet has replaced record stores, general retail outlets, and music clubs as the major music retailer • Illegal downloads and unauthorized recordings hurt sales

  18. Economics: Money Out • Artist development (A&R agents) • Technical facilities: technical production specialists • Manufacturing costs • CD packaging design • Advertising and promotions • Artists’ royalties • Performance and mechanical royalties

  19. Music in a Democratic Society • How can popular music uphold a legacy of free expression while resisting co-optation by giant companies?

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