1 / 39

Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts ITE 115

Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts ITE 115. Chapter 4 Digital Electronics and File Management. Objectives. Discuss digital data representation Introduce integrated circuits Explore processors Introduce computer memory: RAM Explore computer memory. Objectives.

karena
Download Presentation

Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts ITE 115

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts ITE 115 Chapter 4 Digital Electronics and File Management

  2. Objectives • Discuss digital data representation • Introduce integrated circuits • Explore processors • Introduce computer memory: RAM • Explore computer memory

  3. Objectives • Introduce computer file basics • Examine file locations • Introduce file management • Explore file management • Examine file storage

  4. Discuss Digital Data Representation • The form in which information is conceived, manipulated and recorded on a digital device • Uses discrete digits/electronic signals • Binary number system • On/Off; Yes/No; 1/0 • Byte = 8 bits = 1 character

  5. Discuss Digital Data Representation • Numeric data: • Represents quantities used in arithmetic operations. • Character data: • Letters, symbols, and numbers not used in arithmetic operations. • Computers must digitize pictures and sounds

  6. Discuss Digital Data Representation • Most files have file headers • Codes that represent character data: • ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode • Extended ASCII (shown below)

  7. Quantifying Bytes and Bits • Bit = b • Nibble = Half of a byte • Byte = B • Kilobyte (KB) (1024 bytes) • Megabyte (MB) (Million bytes) • Gigabyte (GB) (Billion bytes) • Terabyte (TB) (Trillion bytes)

  8. Introduce Integrated Circuits A super thin slice of semi–conducting material packed with microscopic circuit elements such as wires, transistors, capacitors, logic gates, and resistors. Bits are represented as electrical pulses that travel over these circuits. Also called a chip, microchip and computer chip.

  9. Integrated Circuits (cont.) • Chips are classified by number of components they contain • SSI (small-scale integration), less than 100 components per chip • ULSI (Ultra large-scale) over 1 million • Semi conducting materials used to make chips • Silicon and germanium

  10. Chip Package Integrated Circuit Uses • Processors • Memory • Support circuitry

  11. Processor Packages • DIPs (dual in-line packages) • DIMMs (dual in-line memory modules) • PGAs (Pin-grid arrays) • SECs (single-edge contact cartridges)

  12. Microprocessor (Processor) • Designed to process instructions • Largest chip on motherboard • Intel: world’s largest chipmaker (Pentiums) • AMD: Cheaper chips (Athlons)

  13. Motherboard • Main circuit board

  14. Processor Components ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Control Unit

  15. Processor Performance • Speed: processor clock set clock speed (MHz or GHz ) • Word Size: number of bits the processor can manipulate at one time (32-bit or 64-bit) • Cache: high speed memory (kilobytes)

  16. Processor Performance • Instruction Set Type: • CISC (Complete instruction set computer) • RISC (Reduced instruction set computer) • Processing Technique: • Serial • Pipelining • Parallel • Dual-core • Look at benchmark testing to compare

  17. Memory Types • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Virtual Memory • Read-Only Memory (ROM) • CMOS

  18. RAM (Random Access Memory) • Temporary (volatile) holding area for data, application software and operating system • Expensive chip set • Circuitry • Less storage than disk • Capacitors hold bits • Capacity measured in MB • Speed in nanoseconds • Makes the most noticeable difference

  19. RAM Types • SDRAM • Synchronous Dynamic RAM • fast and cheap • DIMMS • Most popular • RDRAM • Rambus Dynamic RAM • faster and more expensive • RIMMs and SO-RIMMs

  20. Virtual Memory • Disk-based • Stores parts of programs and data until they are needed by the processor • Works with RAM, but is slower

  21. ROM (Read-Only Memory) • Permanent on a chip from manufacturer • Holds computer start up routine, which are hard-wired instructions • Only way to change is to replace ROM chip • ROM BIOS (basic input/output system)

  22. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) • Battery powered • More permanent than RAM; less permanent than ROM • Stores basic computer configuration • Must be updated via CMOS setup program when configuration changes

  23. capacity speed type ComputerAds • Includes: capacity, speed, and type of RAM • Also maximum RAM that can be installed • Example: 512 MB 400 MHZ SDRAM

  24. Computer File Characteristics • A collection of data on a storage medium • Filename conventions • Filename extension indicates native file format .txt .jpg .exe .doc

  25. C:\Music\Reggae\Marley One Love.mp3 Drive letter Primary folder Secondary folder Filename Filename extension File Locations • Device drive letters A: C: D: • Directory • Root Directory (C:\) • Subdirectory or folder (C:\Documents) • File specification or path • File size and date

  26. Deleting Files • Move to Recycle Bin in Windows • Undelete • Empty Bin

  27. File Management • Helps you organize your computer files • File/Save and File/Open • Save vs. Save As • Desktop search tools

  28. File Management Tools • Utilities like Windows Explorer or Macintosh: Finder or Spotlight • list, find, move, copy, delete, rename • Filing cabinet or tree model • Metaphors to help you visualize files on a storage device • Folder hierarchy

  29. Using Files • Start application (open Word) • Create file (type text) • Save file (File/Save) • Close file and application (File/Exit) • Open file again for editing (File/Open) • Edit file • Save file (with changes, or rename) • File/Save • File/Save As

  30. Organizing Files • On your computer: • Give files and folders descriptive names • Keep file extensions so files open with correct software • Group similar files into folders • Organize folders from top-down to make retrieval and backup easier

  31. Examine File Storage • Logical storage • Windows Explorer creates a mental image of how to create, save, and retrieve files • Physical storage • How the data is stored on your computer • File system keeps track of names and file locations. • Windows uses FAT32 or NTFS • Backup your index file

  32. Examine File Storage • Clusters: a group of sectors that speeds up storage and retrieval • FAT (File Allocation Table) on each disk keeps track of where all files are and which clusters are empty; if damaged, you lose everything • Defragmentation Utility rearranges files to be stored in contiguous clusters

  33. Tech Talk: How a processor executes instructions • Complex task broken down into a series of simple steps or instructions • Instructions are in machine code (0s and 1s) and consist of: • Op code: Operation code like Add, Compare, etc • Operand: data address for operation

  34. Tech talk: How a processor executes instructions • Instruction Set is built into processor • Instructional Cycle is the execution of a single instruction Interpret Instruction Fetch Instruction Execute Instruction Increment Instruction Pointer

  35. Context: Banking • Automated check clearing • Check fraud • ATMs • Internet banking • Online bill-paying • Security concerns

  36. Issue: Online Voting • Basic requirements for democratic voting systems • Allow voters to cast votes remotely • Technical and security issues

  37. Unit Summary • Computers digitize information • Processors interpret instructions • RAM, Virtual, ROM, and CMOS are memory types • Computers store files logically (Windows Explorer) and physically (in clusters on disks)

  38. Digital Electronics and File Management End

More Related