U3C10 Nationalism in Europe

1. U3C10 Nationalism in Europe World History

2. Main Idea In the 1800s nationalism sparked revolutions across Europe. New nations, such as Germany and Italy, formed along cultural lines. Absolute monarchies fell. These nationalist revolutions forever changed the map of Europe-and Europe’s balance of power.

3. Essential Question What are the causes and effects of Nationalism in Europe?

4. Define What is nationalism? Answer(s): devotion to one's national group

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7. Italian Unification Main Idea In the 1800s, Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified as the Kingdom of Italy. Reading Focus • How did nationalism stir in Italy after the Congress of Vienna? • What role did Cavour and Sardinia play in the path toward Italian unification? • How did Garibaldi and the Red Shirts help unite Italy? • What challenges did Italy face after unification?

9. Stirrings of Nationalism Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of Roman Empire • Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into competing states, each with own government • Napoleon invaded Italy • United many states under one government • Unification did not last • After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states • Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe

10. Young Italy Secret Societies • 1831, popular writer, Giuseppe Mazzini, launched nationalist group called Young Italy to fight for unification of Italian states • Mazzini had been exiled but smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy • Young Italy attracted tens of thousands of Italians to cause of unification • Italian artists, writers, thinkers became interested in celebrating Italy’s cultural traditions • Others formed secret societies to work for political change, plotted to overthrow Austrian government in Italy Mazzini and Young Italy

11. Unification The Red Shirts • 1861, territories held elections, all agreed to unification • Holdouts were Venetia, still belonging to Austria; Papal States, under French troops supporting pope • 1866, Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy • 1870, Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome • Italian troops entered Rome, completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel • Followers known as Red Shirts because of colorful uniforms • By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily • September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops conquered Naples • Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula • Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel Control and Elections

12. Social, Economic Problems Poverty, Emigration Reforms • Strong regional differences led to lack of unity • Southern Italians resented being governed by Rome • Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as legitimate nation • Poverty serious problem, caused many to emigrate • 1880s, large numbers left Italy, many for Americas • Unemployment, rising taxes led to rioting, violence • Voting reform a major priority • 1870, only wealthiest Italian men could vote • By late 1800s most adult male taxpayers could vote Challenges After Unification In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges. Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic problems.

13. A New Foreign Policy Empire Building • 1882, Italy formed military alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany • Agreed to defend each other against any possible attack • Arrangement known as Triple Alliance; this, other alliances, brought Europe to war in 1914 • Italy tried to build empire • Tried to gain control over Ethiopia • Failed after being defeated by larger Ethiopian army, 1896 • 1911, Italy declared war on Ottoman Empire; gained territory in Africa Reforms and Empire • As Italy industrialized, particularly in north, government passed reforms including laws limiting work hours, prohibiting child labor • Government encouraged building transportation, water systems to improve cities, encourage industry

14. German Unification Main Idea In the late 1800s, Otto von Bismarck transformed Germany from a loose confederation of separate states into a powerful empire. Reading Focus • What steps did Germany take toward unification? • What was Bismarck’s plan for Germany and how did he hope to achieve it? • How did wars lead to the unification of a German Empire? • In what ways did Germany grow and change after unification?

17. Nurturing Nationalism Revolution • Napoleon nurtured nationalism by uniting German states into confederation • 1815, after Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna retained organization, renamed it German Confederation • 39 separate states with common language, culture poised for movement to unite • 1848, revolution swept through Europe • German liberals also took opportunity to revolt • Differed over whether to support constitutional monarchy or republic • Agreed that German unity would promote individual rights, liberal reforms Steps Toward Unification Germany was not a unified nation in 1848, although the patchwork of independent states did have a common language and culture.

18. Unkept Promises • Facing calls for increased democracy, Prussian king Frederick Wilhelm IV promised constitution, other reforms • End of 1848, went back on promises; constitution never written • Banned publications, organizations that supported democracy Economic, Cultural Unity • 1834, Zollverein, customs union, created; removed tariffs on products traded between German states • Inspired businesspeople to support unification; encouraged growth of railroads connecting German states; joined Germans economically • German economy growing; sense of German culture growing as well

19. Bismarck’s Philosophy “Blood and Iron” • Not liberal like revolutionaries • Conservative, supported king of Prussia • Believed Prussia destined to lead German people to unification • Practiced realpolitik, policies based on interests of Prussia • Politics of reality evident in push to increase Prussian military power • Speech to Parliament: German unity not won by speeches, majority vote but by “blood and iron” • Built Prussian army into great war machine Bismarck’s Plan for Germany • Otto von Bismarck, conservative politician, leading force behind German unification • Became prominent in Prussian politics • 1847, gave strongly conservative speech at National Assembly • 1862, new Prussian king, Wilhelm I, chose Bismarck as prime minister

20. The Franco-Prussian War Unified Germany • Despite Austro-Prussian War victory, it would take another war to create unified Germany • Southern German states still not included in North German Confederation Nationalism in South • 1870, conflict brewing with France over disputed Alsace, Lorraine territory • Provinces had been part of Holy Roman Empire, which included Prussia • Issue sparked nationalistic feelings in south German states Peace Treaty • Southern states supported Prussia, north German states in war with France • 1871, Bismarck won Franco-Prussian War • Peace treaty declared unification of Germany

21. A New Government Government and the Church • Germany’s 25 separate states wanted to retain some power • Government took federalist form; power shared between state, national governments, Wilhelm led government • Political parties developed • Bismarck believed Roman Catholic Church posed threat to government • Believed government, not church, should control aspects of culture, like education • Worked to restrict influence of Catholic Church in Germany The Empire’s Growth and Change In the years after 1871, Germany prospered. Under the leadership of Wilhelm I and Bismarck, Germany developed into a strong empire. This period was known as the Second Reich, or empire, because Germans considered the Holy Roman Empire to be the First Reich. This struggle between the government and the church was known as Kulturkampf, which means “the struggle for culture.”

22. Economic Growth Railroads • After unification, Germany experienced time of economic growth • France had paid reparations—money for war damages • German leaders used some money to build railroads to link German states Industrial Growth • Other funds helped build German businesses • New empire began to catch up with other industrialized countries of Europe • Coal mines, steel factories flourished in Germany’s major cities Path to Social Reforms • Industrialization had critics in Germany • German socialists protested against harsh factory conditions • Called for state control of all industries

23. Legislation Bismarck tried to destroy socialism • Blamed socialists for two assassination attempts on emperor • Sought to reduce appeal of socialism by enacting own reforms • 1880s, pushed through legislation providing benefits for: • Health • Accidents • Old age • Disability

24. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire Main Idea Nationalism broke down two old European empires—the Austrian Hapsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Reading Focus • In what ways did the Austrian Empire struggle with nationalism in 1848 and beyond? • What was the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and why was it created? • How did nationalism create conflict in the Ottoman Empire?

26. Resistance to Change Carlsbad Decrees Other Prohibitions • Austrian emperor, Foreign Minister Metternich tried to maintain power of monarchy, empire • Metternich accused universities of creating revolutionaries • Metternich called meeting of Confederation, passed Carlsbad Decrees • Prohibited any reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy • Decrees established censorship of newspapers • Created secret police to spy on students suspected of revolutionary activities The Austrian Empire At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain intact through the remainder of the 1800s.

27. Turmoil in Europe, Austria • Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years • Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him • Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian Empire; people with different nationalities wanted independence Revolution • Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna • Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign • Metternich fled Austria • 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I

28. Empire in Decline The Eastern Question • Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could not defend self against independence movement, external threats • 1830, Greece had gained independence; Russia controlled Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled • Situation created “Eastern Question”—what would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed? • Russia wanted Constantinople, access to Mediterranean • French, British aided Ottoman Empire, held Russia off The Ottoman Empire • Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast multiethnic territory • Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews • Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s

30. Unrest in Russia Main Idea In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the absolute power of the czar and demanded social reforms. Reading Focus • What was government and society like in Russia in the first half of the 1800s? • What were some examples of reform and repression in Russia? • How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?

31. Absolute Power Huge Empire • To govern large, diverse empire, Russian monarchs ruled with absolute power • Called czars, controlled most aspects of Russian life • Believed in autocracy, government by one leader with unlimited powers • Russia one of great powers of Europe, first half 1800s • Troops helped defeat Napoleon; leaders helped reorganize Europe after his fall • Russia very different from other European powers • Empire huge, stretched eastward far into Asia, included many different ethnic groups Government and Society

32. Serfdom Agricultural Society • Russian society under czars mostly agricultural • Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized • Much of population, serfs—workers considered part of land they worked Serfs • Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land • Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery • Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked Societal Problem • Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords • Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms • Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society

33. The Decembrist Revolt Nicholas’s Response • Secret societies formed to fight against czar’s rule • Saw opportunity for change with death of Alexander I, 1825 • One group called Decembrists • Included military officers • 3,000 soldiers assembled near Winter Palace • Refused to declare allegiance to new czar, Nicholas I • Nicholas responded by crushing rebellion • Many Decembrists captured, sent to Siberia, isolated region in far eastern Russia • Five Decembrists executed • Decembrist revolt failed, but began revolutionary movement in Russia destined to grow in years ahead Reform and Repression Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia’s conservative czars were resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.

34. Reform and Repression Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia • Set up new judicial system • Allowed some local self-government • Reorganized army, navy • Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain strength, call for more changes • 1881, radical group, The People’s Will, assassinated Czar Alexander II

36. War and Revolution • Expansion East • Russia expanded east • Came into conflict with another imperial power—Japan • At same time, revolution brewing • War With Japan • Early 1900s, Japan building empire, viewed Russia as threat • 1904, Japanese forces attacked, defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese War • Growing Unrest • Defeat shocked many Russians, added to unrest • One group calling for change, Marxists—followed communist theories of Karl Marx • Marxist Ideas • Wanted to create socialist republic—no private property, state to own, distribute goods • 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for revolution to overthrow czar