1 / 13

YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT

YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT ( FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ). MAP. BACKGROUND. GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN http:// www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)

karan
Download Presentation

YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT (FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT) MAP BACKGROUND • GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN • http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology(MEXT) • Nuclear and Industrial Safety Administration (NISA) • INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS • RELIEFWEB • International Nuclear Safety Center • International Atomic Energy Agency • Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System • WHO • WHO – Health Action In Crisis • WHO-WPRO • US GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS • The Department of State • U.S Embassy in Japan • State Dept.'s DipNote on Twitter • State Dept. Background Note • U.S. Agency for International Development • OFDA • The Department of Health and Human Services • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention • CDC- Tsunami • CDC-Earthquake • CDC-Radiation Emergencies • EPA • DOE - NNSA • PORTALS AND RESOURCES • All Partners Access Network (APAN) • Japan Disaster Wiki • CATDAT and Earthquake Reports • GDACS • Center of Excellence – Disaster Management Humanitarian Assistance • National Center for Disaster Medicine and Public Health • Google Crisis Resources • Japan Atomic Industrial Forum • LIBRARY • National Medical Library – Japan Earthquake • Disaster Information Management Research Center • Radiation Emergency Medical Management NUCLEAR POWER PLANT GAMMA READINGS RADITION IN FOOD RADITION IN WATER RADITION IN SEA WATER RADITION IN SOIL AND AIR HEALTH EFFECTS RADIOACTIVE IODINE AND USE OF NON-RADIOACTIVE IODINE ARS AS OF 1700 HRS EDT 6 APRIL 2011

  2. JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMIBACKGROUND Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) - Located on the east coast of Japan, 6 nuclear power reactors are boiling water reactors (BWRs). The earthquake on 11 March severed off-site power to the plant and triggered the automatic shutdown of the three operating reactors - Units 1, 2, and 3. Control rods were successfully inserted into the reactor cores, ending the fission chain reaction. The remaining reactors - Units 4, 5, and 6 -- had previously been shut down for routine maintenance. Backup diesel generators, designed to start with loss of off-site power, began providing electricity to pumps circulating coolant to the 6reactors. The tsunami washed over the FDNPP, disabling the generators. Some batteries remained operable, but the site lost water circulation for reactor cooling. Over the ensuing days there was evidence of partial nuclear meltdowns in reactors 1, 2, and 3; hydrogen explosions destroyed the upper cladding of the buildings housing reactors 1, 3, and 4; an explosion damaged reactor 2's containment; and multiple fires broke out at reactor 4. Fears of radiation leaks led to a 30 km (18-mile) radius evacuation around the plant. Radioactive material was released on several occasions, due to both deliberate venting to relieve pressure, and uncontrolled (accidental) releases. These conditions resulted in radioactive contamination of the air, soil, drinking water, and seawater. As of 3 April, the restriction of tap water consumption for infants remains in place as a precautionary measure for Iitate Village, Iitate Small Scale Water Supply Utility, Fukushima Prefecture. Levels have been below restriction levels since 29 March. The latest sea water results sampled on 1 April at sampling points are all below the permissible concentrations. The earthquake and tsunami devastated Tohoku district and other regions. Damages were inflicted in Kanto district, too. As of 5 April, the number of deaths increased to 12 344, missing decreased to 15 237 and injured is stable at 2 869. Majority of deaths are from Miyagi (7 530), Iwate (3 615) and Fukushima (1 139) Prefectures. The Joint FAO/IAEA Food Safety Assessment Team presented their assessment report at an inter- ministerial meeting in Tokyo on 31 March. There was strong interest in remediation of agricultural land, monitoring for contamination of agricultural products, and the need to maintain communication with relevant ministries in the future. Results were received from 134 food samples on 4 April, one of which exceeded the provisional regulation values. IAEA Update: 5 April WHO –WPRO SitRep 25: 6 April 2011 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 24: 4 April 2011 Government of Japan, 4 Apr 2011

  3. FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NOTE: Radiation levels are at levels high enough to impact human health at the FDNPP. According to the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA), the situation at the FDNPP remains very serious. • TEPCO identified a leakage path from the Turbine building of Unit 2 to the sea via a series of trenches/tunnels used to provide power to the sea water intake pumps and supply of service water to the reactor and turbine buildings. On 4 April, a tracer was used in an attempt to determine where the water was coming from. The tracer was also injected into two new bore holes that had been drilled near the pit. On 5 April it was confirmed that the tracer was seen leaking from the crack into the sea. Coagulation agents (liquid glass) were injected into the holes drilled around the pits to block leakage of water. It was reported that the leakage has currently stopped at 20:38 UTC on 5 April. Work continues to prevent further releases to the sea. • According to the TEPCO Press Release of 4 April, approximately 10 000 T of water from the radioactive waste treatment plant and 1 500 T of subsurface waters stored in the sub drain pits of Unit 5 and 6 are being discharged to the sea to provide room to store water with higher levels of radioactivity in a safer manner. The discharges started at 10:00 UTC and 12:00 UTC respectively on 4 April. • In Unit 1 fresh water is being continuously injected into the reactor pressure vessel through feed-water line at an indicated flow rate of 6 m3/h using a temporary electric pump with off-site power. Fresh water is being injected continuously into the RPVs through the fire extinguisher lines in Units 2 and 3 at indicated rates of 8 m3/h and 7 m3/h respectively using a temporary electric pump with off-site power. • Additional water was injected via Spent Fuel Cooling System line to the spent fuel pool in Unit 2 by a temporary pump on 4 April. • Power is available to instrumentation in Unit 3. • There has been no change in status on Units 4, 5, 6 and the Common Spent Fuel Storage Facility. • . On 4 April, 72 countries began participating in the Nuclear Safety Convention. While the immediate priority is to overcome the crisis and stabilize the reactors, Director General Amano called upon the Review Meeting and the IAEA to begin the process of reflection and evaluation. Mr. Amano commented: “The worries of millions of people throughout the world about whether nuclear energy is safe must be taken seriously.” "Rigorous adherence to the most robust international safety standards and full transparency, in good times and bad, are vital for restoring and maintaining public confidence in nuclear power." IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident 5April 2011, 14:00 UTC) IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident (5 April 2011, 14:00 UTC) 4 April 2011 IAEA Nuclear Safety Convention Review Meeting in Vienna 4 April 2011 (15:00 UTC) Japan: Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency Seismic Damage Information (73)

  4. FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 6 April 2011 IAEA Summary of Reactor Unit Status

  5. FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NISA Conditions of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Units 1-6 (14:00 4 April)IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Accident (20:25 5 April) WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 24: 4 April 2011NISA Seismic Damage Updata (73rd Release: 15:00 4 April)

  6. GAMMA DOSE RATES IN μSv/hour14 MARCH – 5 APRIL Natural Background: 0.1 µSv/hr. Dose rates continue to decrease. Gamma dose rates reported for 6 April showed no significant changes . Since 23 March, values have tended to decrease. Gamma dose rates were reported for 45 prefectures to be between 0.02 to 0.1 microsievert per hour . In one prefecture the gamma dose rate was 0.16 microsievert per hour. These values are within or slightly above the natural background of 0.1 microsievert per hour. 6 April 2011 (15:15 UTC) IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident 5 April 2011 (14:00UTC) IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident 1 April IAEA Radiological Monitoring & Consequences Report

  7. TRENDS OF RADIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT AROUND FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT JIAF: Trend of Radiation in the Environment around Fukushima Daiichi NPS

  8. GROUND AND AERIAL MONITORING RESULTS ASSESSMENT • Measurements gathered through 3 April continue to show: • Radiation levels consistently below actionable levels for evacuation or relocation outside of 25 miles • Radiological material has not deposited in significant quantities since 19 March • Measurements gathered at US military installations in the Tokyo area through 3 April show: • Radiation levels far below actionable levels for evacuation or relocation • Serial measurements at US facilities were all <32 urem/hr - a level that poses no known health risk • Monitoring of these locations will continue although no increases in deposited radiation are anticipated. http://blog.energy.gov/content/situation-japan/

  9. FOOD SAFETY Analysis results of foods originating from Chiba, Ehime, Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Kyoto, Miyagi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokyo, Yamagata prefectures have been received. A total of 979 milk, produce and other food samples results have been obtained from MHLW from 19 March to 5 April, with 65 sample results received since 4 April 2011 (previous situation report). Samples are tested for both radioactive Iodine and Cesium or Cesium alone. Since the previous situation report on 4 April, 65 food sample results have been received. A provisional regulation value for Iodine-131 in fish has been set at 2000 Bq/kg). • As of 17 March 2011, all local food safety inspection authorities were directed to monitor/investigate radionuclide levels in foods for identification/prevention of potential food safety risks associated with radioactive nuclide contaminations. The notice indicates the provisional regulation values for radionuclide in different types of foods. Foods that exceed these levels are regulated under the Food Sanitation Act. • Actions to prevent consumption of foods that exceed the provisional levels must be applied. In addition to these measures and restrictions are in place following Article 20.3 of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness (Act No. 156, 1999): In addition to the above prefecture-level restrictions, local-level distribution restrictions in place include: Spinach from in Katori City and Tako Town; and spinach, garland chrysanthemum, parsley, qing-geng-cai, celery and Korean lettuce from in Asahi City (all in Chiba Prefecture). In light of finding Iodine-131 in fish, MHLW announced that they will use 2000 Bq/kg as a provisional regulation value for Iodine-131 in fish. Analysis results of foods originating from Chiba, Ehime, Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Kyoto, Miyagi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokyo, Yamagata prefectures have been received. A total of 979 milk, produce and other food samples results have been obtained from MHLW from 19 March to 5 April, with 65 sample results received since 4 April 2011 (previous situation report). Samples are tested for both radioactive Iodine and Cesium or Cesium alone. WHO –WPRO SitRep 25: 6 April 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 24: 04 APRIL 2011 WHO FAQ: Japan Nuclear Concerns: 05 April 2011

  10. RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER As of 4 April, iodine-131 and cesium-134/137 was detectable in drinking water in a few prefectures. All values were far below levels that would initiate recommendations for restrictions of drinking water. As of 6 April, one restriction for infants related to I-131 (100 Bq/l) remains in place as a precautionary measure in only one village of the Fukushima prefecture BACKGROUND - On 19 March, MHLW issued a notice to local governments that when the provisional regulation values for drinking water (300 Bq/kg for Iodine; 200 Bq/kg for Cesium) are exceeded, MHLW requests the water supply utilities to notify the residents to refrain from drinking the water. On 21 March, MHLW issued an additional notice that for infants, the provisional regulation value for the intake of water is set at 100 Bq/kg. On 26 March, MHLW issued a notice to water supply utilities to stop or reduce intake of surface water, and cover water treatment facilities with plastic sheets, following rainfalls, where possible, which would reduce the Iodine levels in drinking water. ADVICE ON REFRAINING FROM DRINKING WATER: WHOLE POPULATION - Fukushima Prefecture – MHLW restricted consumption of tap water in Iitate-mura as of 07:00 on 21 March; the ban was lifted on 1 April. INFANTS - A total of 20 water supply utilities in five prefectures (Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Chiba and Tokyo) have been requested by MHLW to inform residents to refrain from having infants intake tap water since 22 March. Two water supply utilities (Tsukitate Small Scale and Tamura) in Fukushima Prefecture issued the restriction twice. Subsequently, the restriction has been lifted for most water supply utilities. As of 6 April, the restriction is in place for the Iitate Village, IitateSmall Scale Water Supply Utility in Fukushima Prefecture. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GUIDANCE – WATER CONTAMINATION Drinking tap water in Japan poses no immediate health risk, but local conditions will differ and may fluctuate. The Japanese authorities are closely monitoring the situation and are issuing advice, when needed, against consumption of tap water, including specific recommendations for infants. Essential hydration of infants should not be compromised in an attempt to reduce exposure to radioactivity. The standards adopted by the Japanese authorities for this emergency are precautionary. Currently, radioactive iodine is the most common detected contaminant; the standard for adults is 300 Bq/L in drinking water. If drinking water was consumed for an entire year at this level, the radiation exposure would be equivalent to natural background radiation over that year. WHO urges people in the area to heed the advice of local authorities, as they will have access to the latest measurements of radiation levels in water to compare against the standards for adults and children. Can radioactive contamination be removed from water? Standard water treatment procedures may remove significant amounts of radioactive contaminants. Other options to reduce concentrations of radiation contaminants include controlled dilution of contaminated water with non-contaminated water. Boiling water will not remove radioactive iodine. Why do the guidance levels for I-131 in drinking water vary? The guidance levels found in different sets of recommendations vary because some apply to routine situations and others to emergency situations. The table below summarizes the guidance on radioactive I-131 in drinking water and provides an indication of the equivalent exposure from routine activities. WHO –WPRO SitRep 25: 6 April 2011 WHO FAQs: Japan Nuclear Concerns 1 April 2011 IAEA Updates: 3 April 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 23: 1 April 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 24: 04 April 2011

  11. RADIONUCLIDES IN SEA WATER • RADIATION LEVELS OF SEAWATER AT THE WATER DISCHARGE POINT OF FDNPP • TEPCO is responsible for near-shore sampling, taking samples of surface seawater. The near shore sampling point for Daiichi Units 1 - 4 is located 330 m south of their common discharge point. The near-shore sampling point for Daiichi Units 5 and 6 is located 30 m north of their common discharge point. • Samples near discharge areas are collected daily. Until 3 April a general decreasing trend was observed. However, after the discharge of contaminated water at 4 April, an increase from about 11 kBq/l at 09:00 UTC to 41 kBq/l at 14:00 UTC for I-131, and from 5.1 kBq/l at 09:00 UTC to 19 kBq/l for both, Cs-134 and Cs-137 at 14:00 UTC was detected. • JAPAN RELEASES RADIOACTIVE WATER INTO THE SEA • According to the TEPCO Press Release of 4 April, approximately 10 000 T of water from the radioactive waste treatment plant and 1 500 T of subsurface waters stored in the sub drain pits of Unit 5 and 6 are being discharged to the sea to provide room to store water with higher levels of radioactivity in a safer manner. • The discharges started at 10:00 UTC and 12:00 UTC respectively on 4 April. TEPCO has estimated that these discharges would increase the effective dose to a member of the public by 0.6 mSv, if he/she were to eat seaweed and seafood from the discharge area every day for a year. It should be noted however that the movements of all ships, including fishing boats, are restricted within a 30km zone from the NPP, based on the hazardous area set by the Maritime Safety Agency. Also, Fukushima prefecture reported that no fishing has started beyond a 30km zone from the NPP in this prefecture. • TEPCO identified a leakage path from the Turbine building of Unit 2 to the sea via a series of trenches/tunnels used to provide power to the sea water intake pumps and supply of service water to the reactor and turbine buildings. On 4 April, a tracer was used in an attempt to determine where the water was coming from. The tracer was also injected into two new bore holes that had been drilled near the pit. On 5 April it was confirmed that the tracer was seen leaking from the crack into the sea. Coagulation agents (liquid glass) were injected into the holes drilled around the pits to block leakage of water. It was reported that the leakage has currently stopped at 20:38 UTC on 5 April. Work continues to prevent further releases to the sea. IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident (5 April 2011, 20:25 UTC) WHO-WPRO SitRep 24: 4 April 2011 Readings of Sea Area Monitoring: NPP 04 April 2011 Reuters Japan Earthquake Snap Shot 4 April 2011

  12. TEPCO sampled soil at 5 locations on the premises of the FDNPP. 13 samples on 21 and 22 March were analyzed and plutonium 238, 239 and 240 were detected at the density equivalent to the fallout observed in Japan during previous atmospheric nuclear test; it would not pose a threat to human health. TEPCO will continue the radionuclide analysis of soil. RADIATION LEVELS IN THE SOIL RADIATION LEVELS IN THE AIR At the request of MEXT, Fukushima Prefecture began monitoring radioactivity levels in soil on 18 March. The radioactivity levels of are monitored. At 9 sites. The radioactivity levels of I-131 in all but the sampling point in Iitate Village (40 km northwest of the FDNPP) have been low and generally decreasing. In Iitate Village, the radioactivity peaked on 20 March (1.17 MBq/kg for I-131 and 0.163 MBq/kg for Cs-137) and has been decreasing At 5 sampling points on the premises of the FDNPP, plutonium 238, 239 and 240 were detected on 21 and 22 March. According to TEPCO, the density of detected plutonium is equivalent to the fallout observed in Japan when atmospheric nuclear test was conducted in the past. The detected plutonium from two samples out of five may be the direct result of the recent incident, considering their activity ratio of the plutonium isotopes. However, the density of detected plutonium does not pose a threat to human health. TEPCO will continue the radionuclide analysis of soil. RADIONUCLIDES IN AIR AND SOIL Overall, radiation levels in the air in prefectures near the FDNPP are stable. Levels are still above historic background levels, but low in terms of human health risk. (See Figure Above). For the past two days, Kangawa reported below background levels. Overall, 10 radiation levels between 20 to 60 km from the FDNPP are declining or are stable. High radiation levels continue to be clustered around NW area of plant. NOTE: Radiation levels in area ~30km NW of plant remain higher than normal, but there is continued decrease in radiation levels IAEA Updates: 31 March 2011 WHO –WPRO SitRep No 24: 04 April 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 23: 01 April 2011

  13. HEALTH CONCERNS • . • PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES (UPON EXPOSURE) • Upon coming indoors after radiation exposure, undress in the doorway to avoid further contamination of home or shelter. Remove clothing and shoes and place them in a plastic bag. Seal the bag and place it in a safe location away from living areas, children, and pets. • Shower or bathe with warm water and soap. • Notify authorities of possibly contaminated clothing and personal belongings so that they can be handled appropriately and disposed of according to accepted national procedures. • Potassium iodide pills are not “radiation antidotes”. They do not protect against external radiation, or against any other radioactive substances besides radioiodine. They may cause medical complications for some individuals with poorly functioning kidneys. KI should be taken only when there is a clear public health recommendation • CURRENT RISK - The GoJ’s recent actions in response to events at the FDNPP are in line with the existing recommendations for radiation exposure. The GoJ has evacuated individuals who were living within a 20-km radius around the FDNPP. Those living between 20 km and 30 km from the plant are being asked to shelter indoors. • RISK OF RADIOACTIVE EXPOSURE FROM FOOD CONTAMINATION • There is a risk of exposure as a result of contamination in food. • However, contaminated food would have to be consumed over prolonged periods to represent a risk to human health. • Monitoring of vegetables and milk has demonstrated I-131 in concentrations above Japanese regulatory limits. Cs-137 has also been detected. (See “Radionuclides in Food and Water” Slides for add’l details) • Local government authorities have advised residents to avoid these foods and have implemented measures to prevent their sale and distribution. • Currently, there is no evidence that radioactivity from the FDNPP has contaminated food produced in any other country. • RADIATION MONITORING • Gamma dose rates are monitored in all prefectures continuously. Since 23 March, reported gamma dose rates in the 45 prefectures have decreased. On 4 April the IAEA monitoring team made measurements at 7 locations at distances of 30 to 41 km South and Southwest of the Fukushima nuclear power plant. On 2 April, deposition of iodine-131 was detected in 7 prefectures ranging from 4 to 95 becquerel per square meter. Reported gamma dose rates in the 45 prefectures showed no significant changes compared to 1 April 2011. • ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS • If the dose of radiation exceeds a certain threshold level, it can produce acute effects, including skin redness, hair loss, radiation burns, and acute radiation syndrome (ARS). • In a nuclear power accident, rescuers, first responders, and nuclear power plant workers may be exposed to doses of radiation high enough to cause acute effects, but usually not the general public. • LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS • Exposure to high doses of radiation can increase the risk of cancer. • I-131 can be released during nuclear emergencies. If radioactive iodine is breathed in or swallowed, it will concentrate in the thyroid gland and increase the risk of thyroid cancer. Among persons exposed to I-131, the risk of thyroid cancer can be lowered by taking potassium iodide pills, which helps prevent the uptake of the radioactive iodine. • The risk of thyroid cancer following radiation exposure is higher in children and young adults Health Risks to people living outside of Japan due to Radiation (from FDNPP) Thus far, there are no health risks to people living in other countries from radioactive material released into the atmosphere from the Japanese nuclear power plants. Radiation levels measured to date in other countries are far below the level of background radiation that most people are exposed to in every day circumstances. Radiation levels are being monitored by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), which operates 63 surveillance stations around the world. Current risk of radiation-related health problems in Japan for those residing near the reactor in comparison to those in other parts of Japan Radiation-related health consequences will depend on exposure, which is dependent on several things, including: the amount and type of radiation released from the reactor; weather conditions, such as wind and rain; a person’s proximity to the plant; and the amount of time spent in irradiated areas. IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident 4 April IAEA Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log Updates of 3 April 2011 WHO Japan Nuclear Concerns: FAQS - 5 Apr 2011

More Related