Unity and Diversity of Living Things

1. Unity and Diversity of Living Things Survey of Taxonomy and the Three Domains of Life

2. SYSTEMATICS • Systematics - science of naming and grouping organisms by their evolutionary relationships • Binomial nomenclature - assigning scientific names • Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name, usually in Latin, written in italics or underlined (if handwritten) • First word (genus name) is capitalized, the second word (species name) is not • Ex: polar bear = Urus maritimus • Ex: red maple = Acer rubrum • Ex: human = Homo sapiens

3. Fun Species Names Aha ha

4. Fun Species Names Abra cadabra

5. Fun Species Names Gelae baen, Gelae belae, Gelae donut, Gelae fish

6. Fun Species Names Heerz lukenatcha

7. Fun Species Names Pieza kake fly

8. Fun Species Names (Agathidium bushi, A. cheneyi, A. rumsfeldi)

9. Fun Species Names Agra vation

10. Fun Species Names Caloplaca obamae

11. Fun Species Names Agathidium vaderi

12. Fun Species Names Aptostichus stephencolberti

13. Fun Species Names Agra katewinsletae

14. Fun Species Names Sylvilagus palustris hefneri

15. Fun Species Names Pheidole harrisonfordi

16. Fun Species Names GoldenPalace.com monkey (Callicebus aureipalatii)

17. LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION • Domain (most inclusive) • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species (least inclusive)

18. LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION • Keep • Pots • Clean • Or • Family • Gets • Sick

19. Classification of Humans

20. Classification Rap • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jAGOibTMuU

21. DOMAINS OF LIFE • 3 Domains of Life • Archaea (prokaryotic) • Bacteria (prokaryotic) • Eukarya (eukaryotic)

23. PHYLOGENETIC TREE

24. DOMAIN BACTERIA • Prokaryotic • Unicellular • Cell walls contain peptidoglycan • Ecologically diverse ranging from free-living soil organisms to deadly parasites • Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic • Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic), some are killed by oxygen (anaerobic) • Only one kingdom within this domain: Kingdom Eubacteria

25. DOMAIN ARCHAEA • Prokaryotic • Unicellular • Cell walls do NOT contain peptidoglycan • Live in very harsh environments • Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic • Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic), some are killed by oxygen (anaerobic) • Only one kingdom within this domain: Kingdom Archaebacteria

26. IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES 1) Ecological Importance: Essential in maintaining every aspect of the ecological balance of the living world • Decomposers – recycling raw materials to the environment, essential to sewage treatment & production of purified water • Producers – cyanobacteria are among the most plentiful photosynthetic organisms in the world & many food chains are dependent upon them • Nitrogen Fixers – converting nitrogen gas into useable forms

27. IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES 2) Human Uses • Food – yogurt, other dairy products • Medicine – making drugs for medical treatments

28. IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES 3) Disease – some bacteria can cause disease by destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis • Ex: Lyme disease, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Strep Throat • Controlled by sterilization, disinfectants • Prevented by vaccines

29. DOMAIN EUKARYA • All eukaryotes contain a nucleus & other membrane-bound organelles • Four kingdoms: • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

30. EUKARYA - PROTISTS • Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular • Photosynthetic or heterotrophic • “Catch-all” kingdom – group of eukaryotes that did not fit into plants, animal, or fungus kingdom

31. ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS • Autotrophic Protists – photosynthetic protists at the base of the food chain makes much of the diversity of aquatic life possible • Ex: Algae • Heterotrophic Protists – some heterotrophic protists engulf and digest their food, while others live by absorbing molecules from the environment. • Ex: Paramecium, amoeba • Symbiotic Protists • Mutualistic – algae help health of coral reefs, Trichonympha live in guts of termites, helping them to digest cellulose • Parasitic – can cause intestinal disease, African Sleeping Sickness, & Malaria

32. EUKARYA - FUNGI • Heterotrophic – feed on dead or decaying organic matter • Secrete digestive enzymes into their food source, then absorb nutrients though their cell walls • Cell walls made of chitin • Unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (mushrooms)

33. ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI • Decomposers – many species of fungi help ecosystems maintain homeostasis by breaking down dead organisms and recycling essential elements and nutrients • Parasites – parasitic fungi can cause serious diseases in plants and animals • Ex: smuts and rusts in plants • Athlete’s foot & ringworm

34. ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI • Symbiotic Fungi: • Lichens – mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (algae or cyanobacteria) • Are often the first organisms to enter barren environments and help in early stages of soil formation • Michorrhizae – mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant root • Estimates that 80-90% of all plant species have this sort of relationship • Fungus collects water and minerals, bringing them to the root, plant supplies the fungi with the products of photosynthesis (sugars)

35. EUKARYA - PLANTS • Multicellular • Cell walls with cellulose • Autotrophic • Have chloroplasts

36. EUKARYA - ANIMALS • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • No cell walls • Most can move