Native Americans

1. Native Americans Past, Present, Future By Ben Solomon, Hanna Zhu, Daisy Joo

3. Past The issues which shaped America’s indigenous people forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever,

4. A Timeline of the Past 1675: King Philip’s War The Wampanoags, under the chieftain Metacomet, known as King Philip by the English, terrorized Massachusetts towns in an effort to stop the English from encroaching upon their land and from imposing their laws on the Native Americans.

5. 1831-1832: Black Hawk War A treaty had ceded lands in Illinois belonging to the Sauk and Fox Native Americans to the U.S. The Sauk and Fox refused to acknowledge the treaty and, under the leadership of the warrior Black Hawk, reoccupied the area. White leaders brutally slaughtered many of the Native Americans. Black Hawk was captured and sent on a tour of the U.S. He bore himself with such dignity that white Americans felt the wrongfulness of the Black Hawk War

6. 1830: Indian Removal Act passed under Andrew Jackson – gave money to federal government to relocate Five Civilized Tribes – the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek – to the West. Trail of Tears: Cherokees forced to travel to Indian Territory, or later the state of Oklahoma. The other groups were forced to move here too.

8. 1864: Sand Creek Massacre In eastern Colorado, the Arapaho and Cheyenne attacked settlements in the area in retaliation for the whites taking up their land. The governor urged all friendly Native Americans to gather at army posts for white protection while the federal militia attacks the other groups. Black Kettle and his band did so but were brutally attacked anyway. 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn The Sioux resented the settlement of whites in the Black Hills in the Dakota Territory and left their reservation. Federal armies attempted to round them up. One of these, led by George A. Custer, was defeated by the Native Americans, who killed many members of his troops.

9. Dawes Severalty Act of 1887: Tried to assimilate Native Americans into white society by parceling land to Native Americans. This eliminated tribal ownership of lands. Adults were given citizenship but could not gain full title to their property for 25 years. 1934: Indian Reorganization Act Commissioner of Indian affairs John Collier promoted this act to allow Native Americans to possess their own tribal lands and keep their traditional lifestyle. He was influenced by the ideology of cultural relativism, which says that all cultures should be valued. During World War II, about 25,000 Native Americans helped the war effort. Many of them joined the troops, and others worked in war plants. This was the first time for many Native Americans to come into white society.

11. Socratic Dialogue Question The Native Americans were treated unjustly by the American government, but what are some justifications for the US government’s actions? Think about what was happening during the time. Why would the government want to displace the Native Americans and assimilate them?

12. Present Identities, to be lost, or to remain?

13. What is the “identity” of a Native American? A Native American is a member of any of the indigenous peoples of Americas, but besides the definition, how do Native Americans identify with each other?

14. Culture and traditions are the way Native Americans have connected in the past. But there is definitely more than one overarching culture and custom. There are many, many Native American tribes with individual beliefs, traditions, and identities. Too many to generalize how Native Americans identify all together. In fact look at the total list of all tribes.

15. A'ananin (Aane), Abenaki (Abnaki, Abanaki, Abenaqui), Absaalooke (Absaroke), Achumawi (Achomawi), Acjachemen, Acoma, Agua Caliente, Adai, Ahtna (Atna), Ajachemen, Akimel O'odham, Akwaala (Akwala), Alabama-Coushatta, Aleut, Alutiiq, Algonquians (Algonkians), Algonquin (Algonkin), Alliklik, Alnobak (Alnak, Alnombak), Alsea (ﾄls�, Alseya), Andaste, Anishinaabe (Anishinabemowin, Anishnabay), Aniyunwiya, Antonia, Apache, Apalachee, Applegate, Apsaalooke (Apsaroke), Arapaho (Arapahoe), Arawak, Arikara, Assiniboine, Atakapa, Atikamekw, Atsina, Atsugewi (Atsuke), Araucano (Araucanian), Avoyel (Avoyelles), Ayisiyiniwok, Aymara, Aztec Babine, Bannock, Barbare, Bari, Bear River, Beaver, Bella Bella, Bella Coola, Beothuks (Betoukuag), Bidai, Biloxi, Black Carib, Blackfoot (Blackfeet), Blood Indians, Bora Caddo (Caddoe), Cahita, Cahto, Cahuilla, Calapooya (Calapuya, Calapooia), Calusa (Caloosa), Carib, Carquin, Carrier, Caska, Catawba, Cathlamet, Cayuga, Cayuse, Celilo, Central Pomo, Chahta, Chalaque, Chappaquiddick (Chappaquiddic, Chappiquidic), Chawchila (Chawchilla), Chehalis, Chelan, Chemehuevi, Cheraw, Cheroenhaka (Cheroenkhaka, Cherokhaka), Cherokee, Cheyenne (Cheyanne), Chickamaugan, Chickasaw, Chilcotin, Chilula-Wilkut, Chimariko, Chinook, Chinook Jargon, Chipewyan (Chipewyin), Chippewa, Chitimacha (Chitamacha), Chocheno, Choctaw, Cholon, Chontal de Tabasco (Chontal Maya), Choynimni (Choinimni), Chukchansi, Chumash, Clackamas (Clackama), Clallam, Clatskanie (Clatskanai), Clatsop, Cmique, Coastal Cree, Cochimi, Cochiti, Cocopa (Cocopah), Coeur d'Alene, Cofan, Columbia (Columbian), Colville, Comanche, Comcaac, Comox, Conestoga, Coos (Coosan), Copper River Athabaskan, Coquille, Cora, Coso, Costanoan, Coushatta, Cowichan, Cowlitz, Cree, Creek, Croatan (Croatoan), Crow, Cruze, Cuna, Cucupa (Cucapa), Cupe (Cupa), Cupik (Cu'pik, Cuit)Dakelh, Dakota, Dakubetede, Dawson, Deg Xinag (Deg Hit'an), Delaware, Dena'ina (Denaina), Dene, DeneSuline (Denesuline), DeneTha, Diegueno, Dine (Dineh), Dogrib, Dohema (Dohma), Dumna, Dunne-za (Dane-zaa, Dunneza), Eastern Inland Cree, Eastern Pomo, Eel River Athabascan, Eenou (Eeyou), Eskimo, Esselen, Etchemin (Etchimin), Euchee, Eudeve (Endeve), Excelen, EyakFernandeno (Fernande), Flathead Salish, Fox Gabrielino (Gabriele), Gae, Gaigwu, Galibi, Galice, Garifuna, Gashowu, Gitxsan (Gitksan), Gosiute (Goshute), GrosVentre, Guarani, Guarijio (Guarij�), Gulf, Gwich'in (Gwichin, Gwitchin),

16. Haida, Haisla, Halkomelem (Halqomeylem), H舅 (Han Hwech'in), Hanis, Hare, Hatteras, Haudenosaunee, Havasupai, Hawaiian, Heiltsuk, Heve, Hiaki, Hichiti (Hitchiti), Hidatsa, Hocak (Ho-Chunk, Hochunk), Holikachuk, Homalco, Hoopa, Hopi, Hopland Pomo, Hualapai, Huelel, Huichol, Huichun, Hupa, Huron Illini (Illiniwek, Illinois), Inca, Inese (Ineze), Ingalik (Ingalit), Innoko, Innu, Inuktitut (Inupiat, Inupiaq, Inupiatun), Iowa-Oto (Ioway), Iroquois Confederacy, Ishak, Isle, Isleta, Itza Maya (Itzah), Iviatim, Iynu James Bay Cree, Jemez, Juaneno (Juane), Juichun Kabinapek, Kainai (Kainaiwa), Kalapuya (Kalapuyan, Kalapooya), Kalina (Kali), Kanenavish, Kanien'kehaka (Kanienkehaka), Kalispel, Kansa (Kanza, Kanze), Karankawa, Karkin, Karok (Karuk), Kashaya, Kaska, Kaskaskia, Kathlamet, Kato, Kaw, Kenaitze (Kenai), Keres (Keresan), Kichai, Kickapoo (Kikapu), Kiliwa (Kiliwi), Kiowa, Kiowa Apache, Kitanemuk, Kitsai, Klahoose, Klallam, Klamath-Modoc, Klatskanie (Klatskanai), Klatsop, Klickitat, Koasati, Kolchan, Konkow (Konkau), Konomihu, Kootenai (Ktunaxa, Kutenai), Koso, Koyukon, Kuitsh, Kulanapo (Kulanapan, Kulanapa), Kumeyaay (Kumiai), Kuna, Kupa, Kusan, Kuskokwim, Kutchin (Kootchin), Kwaiailk, Kwakiutl (Kwakwala), Kwalhioqua, Kwantlen, Kwapa (Kwapaw), Kwinault (Kwinayl)Laguna, Lakhota (Lakota), Lakmiak (Lakmayut), Lassik, Laurentian (Lawrencian), Lecesem, Lenape (Lenni Lenape), Lillooet, Lipan Apache, Listiguj (Listuguj), Lnuk (L'nuk, L'nu'k, Lnu), Lokono, Loucheux (Loucheaux), Loup, Lower Chehalis, Lower Coquille, Lower Cowlitz, Lower Tanana, Lower Umpqua, Luckiamute (Lukiamute), Luise, Lumbee, Lummi, Lushootseed, Lutuamian Macushi (Macusi), Mahican, Maidu, Maina (Mayna), Makah, Makushi, Maliseet (Maliceet, Malisit, Malisset), Mandan, Mapuche (Mapudungun, Mapudugan), Maricopa, Massachusett (Massachusetts), Massasoit (Massassoit, Mashpee), Mattabesic Mattole, Maumee, Matlatzinca, Mayan, Mayo, Mengwe, Menominee (Menomini), Mescalero-Chiricahua, Meskwaki (Mesquakie), Metis Creole, Miami-Illinois, Miccosukee, Michif, Micmac (Mi'gmaq), Miguele, Mikasuki, Mi'kmaq (Mikmawisimk), Mingo, Minqua, Minsi, Minto, Miskito (Mosquito), Missouria, Miwok (Miwuk), Mixe, Mixtec (Mixteco, Mixteca), Mobilian Trade Jargon, Modoc, Mohave, Mohawk, Mohegan, Mohican, Mojave, Molale (Molalla, Molala), Monache (Mono), Montagnais, Montauk, Moosehide, Multnomah, Munsee (Munsie, Muncey, Muncie), Muskogee (Muscogee, Mvskoke), Musqueam, Mutsun Nabesna, Nadot'en (Natoot'en, Natut'en), Nahane (Nahani, Nahanne), Nahuat, Nahuatl, Nakoda (Nakota), Nambe, Nanticoke, Nantucket, Narragansett, Naskapi, Nass-Gitxsan, Natchez, Natick, Naugutuck, Navajo (Navaho), Nawat, Nayhiyuwayin, Nde, Nee-me-poo, Nehiyaw (Nehiyawok), Netela, New Blackfoot, Newe, Nez Perce, Niantic, Nicola, Niitsipussin (Niitsitapi), Nimiipuu (Nimi'ipu), Nipmuc, Nisenan (Nishinam), Nisga'a (Nisgaa, Nishga), Nlaka'pamux (Nlakapamux), Nomlaki, Nooksack (Nooksak), Nootka (Nutka), Nootsak, Northeastern Pomo, Northern Carrier, Northern Cheyenne, Nottoway, NuxalkObispe, Ocuilteco, Odawa, Ofo, Ogahpah (Ogaxpa), Ohlone, Ojibwa (Ojibway, Ojibwe, Ojibwemowin), Oji-Cree, Okanagan (Okanogan), Okwanuchu, Old Blackfoot, Omaha-Ponca, Oneida, Onondaga, O'ob No'ok (O:b No'ok), O'odham (Oodham), Opata, Osage, Otchipwe, Otoe, Ottawa Pai, Paipai, Paiute, Palaihnihan (Palaihnih, Palahinihan), Palewyami, Palouse, Pamlico, Panamint, Papago-Pima, Pascua Yaqui, Passamaquoddy, Patuxet, Patwin, Paugussett (Paugusset), Pawnee, Peigan, Pend D'Oreille, Penobscot (Pentagoet), Pentlatch (Pentlach), Peoria, Pequot, Picuris, Piegan (Piikani), Pima, Pima Bajo, Pipil, Pit River, Plains Indian Sign Language, Pojoaque, Pomo (Pomoan), Ponca, Poospatuck (Poosepatuk, Poospatuk, Poosepatuck), Popoluca (Popoloca), Potawatomi (Pottawatomie, Potawatomie), Powhatan, Pueblo, Puget Sound Salish, Purisime, Put Quapaw (Quapa), Quechan, Quechua, Quilcene, Quileute, Quinault, Quinnipiac

17. Quiripi Raramuri, Red Indians, Restigouche, Rumsen, Runasimi Saanich, Sac, Sahaptin, Salhulhtxw, Salinan, Salish, Samish, Sandia, Sanish (Sahnish), San Felipe, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Sanpoil, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, Santiam, Santo Domingo, Saponi, Sarcee (Sarsi), Sastean (Sasta), Satsop, Savannah, Sauk, Saulteaux, Schaghticoke (Scaticook), Sechelt, Secwepemc (Secwepmectsin), Sekani, Selkirk, Seminoles, Seneca, Seri, Serrano, Seshelt, Severn Ojibwe, Shanel, Shasta (Shastan), Shawnee (Shawano), Shinnecock, Shoshone (Shoshoni), Shuar, Shuswap, Siksika (Siksikawa), Siletz, Similkameen, Sinkiuse (Sincayuse), Sinkyone, Sioux, Siuslaw, Skagit, Skicin, S'Klallam, Skokomish, Skraeling, Skwamish, Slavey (Slave, Slavi), Sliammon (Sliamon), Sm'algyax, Snichim, Snohomish, Songish, Sooke, Souriquois (Sourquois), Southeastern Pomo, Southern Paiute, Spokane (Spokan), Squamish, Sqwxwu7mesh, Stadaconan, St'at'imcets (St'at'imc), Stockbridge, Sto:lo, Stoney, Straits Salish, Sugpiaq, Suquamish, Susquehannock, Suwal, Swampy Cree, Swinomish Tabasco Chontal, Tachi (Tache), Taensa, Tahltan, Tagish, Tahcully, Taino, Takelma (Takilma), Takla, Taltushtuntude, Tamyen, Tanacross, Tanaina, Tanana, Tano, Taos, Tarahumara, Tataviam, Tauira (Tawira), Teguime, Tehachapi, Ten'a, Tenino, Tepehuano (Tepecano), Tequistlateco (Tequistlatec), Tesuque, Tetes-de-Boules, Tewa, Thompson, Tigua, Tillamook, Timbisha (Timbasha), Timucua, Tinde, Tinneh, Tiwa, Tjekan, Tlahuica (Tlahura), Tlatskanie (Tlatskanai), Tlatsop, Tlicho Dinne, Tlingit, Tohono O'odham, Tolowa, Tongva, Tonkawa, Towa, Tsalagi (Tsa-la-gi), Tsattine, Tsekani (Tsek'ehne), Tsetsehestahese, Tsetsaut, Tsilhqot'in (Tzilkotin), Tsimshian (Tsimpshian), Tsitsistas, Tsooke, Tsoyaha, Tsuu T'ina (Tsuutina), Tualatin, Tubar (Tubare), Tubatulabal, Takudh, Tulalip, Tumpisa (Tbisha, Tumbisha), Tunica, Tupi, Tuscarora, Tutchone, Tutelo, Tututni, Tuwa'duqutsid, Twana, Twatwa (Twightwee) Uchi (Uche, Uchee), Ukiah (Ukian, Uki, Ukia), Ukomnom, Umatilla, Unami, Unangan (Unangax), Unkechaug (Unquachog) Upper Chehalis, Upper Chinook, Upper Cowlitz, Upper Tanana, Upper Umpqua, Ute Venture, Virginian Algonkin Wailaki (Wailakki), Wailatpu (Waylatpu), Walapai, Walla Walla, Wampano, Wampanoag, Wanapam, Wanki (Wangki), Wappinger, Wappo, Warijio (Warihio, Warij�), Warm Springs, Wasco-Wishram, Washo (Washoe), Wazhazhe, Wea, Wenatchi (Wenatchee), Wendat, Weott, Western Pomo, Whilkut, White Clay People, Wichita (Witchita), Wikchamni, Willapa (Willopah), Winnebago, Wintu (Wintun), Wishram, Witsuwit'en (Witsuwiten), Wiyot (Wi'yot, Wishosk), Wolastoqewi (Wolastoqiyik), Wyandot (Wyandotte) Yakama (Yakima), Yanesha, Yaquina (Yakonan, Yakon), Yavapai, Yawelmani, Yaqui, Yinka Dene, Ynese (Yneze), Yocot'an, Yokaia (Yakaya), Yokuts (Yokut, Yokutsan), Yoncalla (Yonkalla), Yowlumni, Ysle, Ysleta del Sur, Yucatec Maya (Yucateco, Yucatan), Yuchi (Yuchee) Yuki (Yukian), Yuma, Yupik (Yu'pik, Yuit), Yurok (Yu'rok) Zapotec, Zia, Zimshian, Zoque, Zuni

18. Obviously, if each of these tribes have unique languages and spiritual customs, then a broad generalization of identities is impossible. But the common struggle, presently, is the maintenance of these individual identities. Language, the ultimate unifier and identifier, is being lost. The 1993 Census estimates that more than 1/3 of American Indian and Alaska Native tongues had fewer than 100 home speakers in 1990.

19. Navajo Indian Written Language

20. The governments attempted to maintain the Native American languages by the Congressional Native American Languages Acts of 1990 and 1992. These laws tried to protect these languages and provide grant money for this purpose. Identity is also maintained by keeping certain Native American values. Some common values include caring for your family, believing everyone is your responsibility, and appreciating nature.

21. Identifying also includes more than learning the language and keeping certain values. Identifying as Native American can include residing on tribal lands, enrolling in a federally recognized tribe, and recognizing sacred lands and history. However, the definition of what is a Native American and how one can identify is different for each individual.

22. Crow poet, Henry Real Bird, believes, "An Indian is one who offers tobacco to the ground, feeds the water, and prays to the four winds in his own language." Pulitzer Prize-winning author N. Scott Momaday, thinks, "An Indian is someone who thinks of themselves as an Indian. But that's not so easy to do and one has to earn the entitlement somehow. You have to have a certain experience of the world in order to formulate this idea. I consider myself an Indian; I've had the experience of an Indian. I know how my father saw the world, and his father before him."

23. Momaday has a point about self-identification. In many cases, one’s own opinion about one’s self is enough to be considered Indian by others. However, these self-identified Indians may not satisfy legal requirements which define a Native American. These legal requirements include: • enrollment in a federally recognized tribe • They are not recognized legally if they are full members of tribes which have never been recognized, or of tribes whose recognition was terminated by the government during programs in the 1950s and 1960s

24. Socratic Dialogue Question What do you think is a major reason why Native American identity (especially traditions and language) is being lost in America today? Should there be action to maintain this culture, and how could this be encouraged? Does the US government have a responsibility to encourage the maintenance of this culture?

25. Future Debates today that will extend far into the future

26. Current Struggles for Rights Currently, Native Americans have 561 tribal governments, recognized by the US government. These governments have the right to make their own government and laws, but do not have the right to make war, engage in foreign relations, or make currency. The US government recognizes the sovereignty of the Native American tribal governments, but Native Americans beg to differ. They say that if the government truly respected the Native American peoples, affairs would be taken care of in the same manner as any other sovereign nations (through the Secretary of State) , not by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Bureau of Indian Affairs consider Native American land to be “held in trust”.

27. Socratic Dialogue Question Why has the US government still not recognize complete independence of the Native American peoples? Do you agree that the fact that interactions with tribes are taken care of by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and not the Secretary of State imply that Native Americans are not seen as independent? How can Native Americans try to achieve complete independent status?

28. A “diminishing” group… The 2003 US Census Bureau estimates that there are 2,786,652 Native Americans in the US. And over one third live in California, Arizona and Oklahoma. In 2000, 8 out of 10 Native American ancestors were of mixed blood, and the census predicts that by 2100, the ratio will be 9 out of 10. As the numbers diminish, how will Native Americans preserve their culture?

29. Native Americans are “diminishing”, but are also counter intuitively increasing. There are less Native Americans, but of those that still exist, more are willing to identify with being Native American. University of Kansas sociologist Joanne Nagel traces the tripling in the number of Americans reporting American Indian as their race in the U.S. Census from 1960 to 1990 (from 523,591 to 1,878,285) to federal Indian policy, American ethnic politics, and American Indian political activism

30. Socratic Dialogue Question Why are more Native Americans embracing their unique culture compared to before (when assimilation was prevalent)? Could this be to affirmative action? Is this an indication that being Native American is more accepting today?

31. Of those which remain… Many are sick. The past has really affected the situation of Native Americans today. Forced assimilation, US termination policies in the mid 20th century, slavery, poverty, confinement, introduction to alcohol, have all affected Native Americans physically and mentally.

32. Most notoriously, Native Americans have been known for their alcoholism, but this disease is extremely prevalent (not just a stereotype). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, found 11.7 percent of deaths among Native Americans and Alaska Natives between 2001 and 2005 were alcohol-related, compared with 3.3 percent for the U.S. as a whole.

33. Another issue Native Americans are facing, is a negative result of what appeared to be a positive solution. Casinos, owned by Native Americans, were thought to be a good way to incorporate Native Americans into a capitalist society. They provided jobs and money to the suffering Indians on reservation land. However, casinos have increased violent crimes on these once peaceful and sacred lands. Native Americans are binded monetarily to these casinos.

34. Compliment or Offense? Native Americans still struggle for total unprejudiced inclusion into American society. Many people find the iconic symbol of Native Americans as brave and strong (an apparent compliment), but Native Americans have found the stereotypical image of dark skinned, feather-clad, Indians as offensive and stereotypical.

35. Mascots of sports teams using Native Americans as symbols have been targeted. The costumes worn are not always traditional but what others perceive Indians to dress as. Also, these mascots are illustrated as wild, blood-thirsty savages, and have been an impetus for many important Native American Organizations.

37. Other Stereotypes Braids Teepee Warpaint Savage-like Uncivilized “whooping” noise Shamans Worship of nature (believe that animals have living spirit, but are not worshipped)

38. The following checklist was developed by the Council on Interracial Books for Children. Indians are often equated with "things". Alphabet cards say, "A is for apple, B is for ball..... I is for Indian." Native Americans are often spoken of in "past" tense. There are about many Native people in the U.S. today, yet many books and filmstrips still have titles such as, How The Indians Lived.

39. Native Americans are often referred to as, "them" and non-Indians as "us". Actually Native people are the original Americans and are more American or "us" than anyone else. Many children think Native Americans look like movie Indians. Since Indians come from different nations and have often inter-married with other nationalities, they often do not fit into the "western" stereotype so often associated with them. Challenge television stereotypes of Native Americans. Discuss with children the meaning of stereotypes and help them understand that Native Americans were no more savage than others who fought to defend their land. Recognize that Native Americans are unique from other ethnic groups in that they were dispossessed of their lands. Native Americans have a legal right through treaties, although often ignored, to the land they still have.

40. Not all Native American children are acquainted with their heritage. Native children often know far more things about T.V. programs than they do about their own culture. In many cases, due to past U.S. Government policy, many Native Americans were not allowed to acknowledge their own culture or beliefs and today's Native child may not always be good resource people for your class. (Developed by the Council on Interracial Books for Children, 1841 Broadway, New York, New York)

41. Socratic Dialogue Question Do you believe Native American sports mascots and other Native American symbols should be banned? Do you believe these are representations of stereotypes people have of Native Americans?

42. Pushing for Rights and Justice The most widely recognized modern Native American civil rights group is the Native American Rights Fund (NARF). They are a non-profit organization that legally represents Native American tribes and people to see that treaties and tribe sovereignty are upheld by national and state governments. They have helped 250 tribes over 22 years.

43. The American Indian Movement (AIM) was a civil rights group that occupied and disrupted events that they saw as anti Native American such as the celebration of the May Flower landing and Wounded Knee. They put the Native American plight in the public eye until the main branches of the AIM declared autonomy in 1975. The main concern of the AIM right now is concerning the trial of the murder of Anna Mae Aquash.

44. Socratic Dialogue Question As a reparation, the US government has implicitly encouraged affirmative action for Native Americans. Disguised by the need to diversify student bodies of colleges, affirmative action serves to repay the Native Americans for the US government’s injustice. Do you believe affirmative action is fair? Do you believe affirmative action should exist to repay the Native Americans?

45. VAL KILMER (Cherokee descent): Star of "Batman Forever" and actor in other films such as "Wyatt Earp," " Island of Doctor Moreau," " Heat," "Thunderheart," "The Ghost and the Darkness," and "The Saint." JOHNNY DEPP (Cherokee descent): brilliant young actor and film star in movies such as "Edward Scissor Hands," "Crybaby," and "Benny and June." TIGER WOODS: (1/16 Native Blood) Youngest man ever to win the Masters Golf Tournament. ELVIS PRESLEY (Cherokee descent): the most influential rock and roll star in history. COLIN POWELL: (Arawak Descent) Commander-in-Chief of U.S. Military forces in the Gulf War. Widely touted as a potential candidate for President of the United States of America.

46. SHANIA TWAIN: (Enrolled member of The Red Lake Band of the Ojibwa People, Canada) One of country music's most popular female stars. Her taken name of Shania means in the language of the Ojibwa people, "I am on my way." JESSICA BIEL: (Choctaw descent) Famous Actress who starred in “Seventh Heaven,” and many films.

47. Socratic Dialogue Question After completing the activity, we hope that the idea that Native Americans are fictional, past warriors of America has been dispelled. What are your reactions to the fact that Native Americans are not part of history and do participate in current affairs today?