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Climate and Biodiversity

Climate and Biodiversity. Chapter 5 Sections 1-4. Key Concepts. Factors influencing the Earth’s climates Effect of climate on Earth’s major biomes Characteristics of major biome types Human impacts on the biosphere. Blowing in the Wind. Benefits of wind Hazards of wind “Red tides”

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Climate and Biodiversity

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  1. Climate and Biodiversity Chapter 5 Sections 1-4

  2. Key Concepts • Factors influencing the Earth’s climates • Effect of climate on Earth’s major biomes • Characteristics of major biome types • Human impacts on the biosphere

  3. Blowing in the Wind • Benefits of wind • Hazards of wind • “Red tides” • Volcanoes and climate • Everything is connected Fig. 5-1, p. 78

  4. Blowing in the Wind Fig. 5-1, p. 78

  5. Weather and Climate • Differences between weather and climate • Major factors determining climate • Uneven heating of Earth’s surface • Earth’s rotation • Properties of air, water, and land

  6. Earth’s Climatic Zones Fig. 5-2, p. 80

  7. Earth’s Rotation and Climate 60ºN Cold deserts Westerlies Forests 30ºN Northeast trades Hot deserts Forests 0º Equator Hot deserts Southeast trades 30ºs Forests Westerlies Cold deserts 60ºS Fig. 5-3, p. 80 Fig. 5-3, p. 80

  8. Global Air Circulation and Biomes Cell 3 North Cold,dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Polar cap Cell 2 North Arctic tundra Evergreen coniferous forest 60° Cool, dry air falls Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cell 1 North Desert 30° Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest 0° Equator Tropical deciduous forest 30° Desert Cell 1 South Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cool, dry air falls 60° Cell 2 South Polar cap Moist air rises — rain Cold,dry air falls Cell 3 South Fig. 5-4, p. 81

  9. Effects of Water, Wind, and Land on Climate • Ocean currents and wind • Gases in the atmosphere • Greenhouse gases and the Greenhouse Effect • Topography and local climate • Microclimates in urban areas

  10. Natural Greenhouse Effect (c) As concentrations of green-house gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere. (b) The earth's surface absorbs much of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into space as heat and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as even longer wave-length IR radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere. (a) Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere and warm the earth's surface. Fig. 5-5, p. 82

  11. Rain Shadow Effect On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases littlemoisture. On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture. Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean. Dry habitats Moist habitats Fig. 5-6, p. 82

  12. Biomes • Climate effects on biomes • 12 major biomes • Biomes are not uniform (“mosaic of patches”) • Effects of latitude and longitude

  13. Earth’s Major Biomes Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Semidesert, arid grassland Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen conif forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Mountains (complex zonation) Tropical deciduous forest Temperate deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Fig. 5-7, p. 83

  14. Precipitation and Temperature Affects Biome Type Cold Polar Tundra Subpolar temperature Temperate Coniferous forest Decreasing Desert Deciduous forest Grassland Tropical Chaparral Hot Desert Savanna Wet Rain forest Dry Tropical seasonal forest Scrubland Decreasing precipitation Fig. 5-8, p. 84

  15. Effects of Altitude and Latitude on Climate and Biomes Altitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Latitude Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Fig. 5-9, p. 85

  16. Biomes: Climates and Life • Deserts • Grassland • Forests • Mountains • Aquatic biomes

  17. Deserts • What is a desert? • Tropical deserts • Temperate deserts • Cold deserts • Human impacts on deserts

  18. Roadrunner Roadrunner Temperate Desert Ecosystem Red-tailed hawk Producer to primary consumer Gambel's quail Yucca Agave Jack rabbit Primary to secondary consumer Collared lizard Prickly pear cactus Secondary to higher-level consumer Darkling beetle Bacteria All producers and consumers to decomposers Diamondback rattlesnake Fungi Kangaroo rat Fig. 5-10a, p. 86

  19. Temperate Desert in Nevada, USA Fig. 5-10b, p. 86

  20. Major Human Impacts on Deserts Large desert cities Soil destruction by off-road vehicles and urban development Soil sanitization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity Fig. 5-11, p. 87

  21. Grasslands • Effects of drought, herbivores, and fires • Savanna • Grazers and browsers • Temperate grasslands • Prairies • Tundra • Permafrost

  22. Temperate Tall-grass Prairie Ecosystem Golden eagle Producer to primary consumer Pronghorn antelope Grasshopper sparrow Coyote Primary to secondary consumer Grasshopper Secondary to higher-level consumer Blue stem grass Prairie dog Bacteria All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Prairie coneflower Fig. 5-12, p. 88

  23. Replacing Temperate Grassland with Farms Fig. 5-13, p. 88

  24. Arctic Tundra in Winter and Summer Fig. 5-14, p. 89

  25. Human Impacts on Grasslands Natural Capital Degradation Grasslands Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles Fig. 5-15, p. 89

  26. Forests • Types of forests • Tropical rain forests • Broadleaf evergreen plants • Temperate deciduous forests • Broadleaf deciduous forests • Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal and taigas) • Muskegs • Coastal coniferous (temperate rain) forests

  27. Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Harpy eagle Ocelot Blue and gold macaw Producer to primary consumer Squirrel monkeys Climbing monstera palm Primary to secondary consumer Katydid Slaty-tailed trogon Green tree snake Tree frog Secondary to higher-level consumer Ants All producers and consumers to decomposers Bromeliad Bacteria Fungi Fig. 5-16, p. 90

  28. Stratification of Niches in a Tropical Rain Forest 45 Emergent layer Harpy eagle 40 35 Toco toucan Canopy 30 Height (meters) 25 20 Understory Wooly opossum 15 10 Shrub layer Brazilian tapir 5 Black-crowned antpitta Ground layer 0 Fig. 5-17, p. 91

  29. Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystem Broad-winged hawk Producer to primary consumer Hairy woodpecker Gray squirrel Primary to secondary consumer White oak White-footed mouse Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae White-tailed deer Secondary to higher-level consumer Mountain winterberry Shagbark hickory May beetle All producers and consumers to decomposers Racer Long-tailed weasel Fungi Wood frog Bacteria Fig. 5-18a, p. 92

  30. Temperate Deciduous Forest in Fall and Winter Fig. 5-18b-c, p. 92

  31. Evergreen Coniferous Forest Ecosystem Great horned owl Blue jay Producer to primary consumer Marten Balsam fir Primary to secondary consumer Moose White spruce Wolf Bebb willow Secondary to higher-level consumer Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Snowshoe hare All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Starflower Bacteria Bunchberry Fig. 5-19a, p. 93

  32. Evergreen Coniferous Forest in Alaska Fig. 5-19b, p. 93

  33. Human Impacts on Forests Natural Capital Degradation Forests Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations Damage to soils from off-road vehicles Fig. 5-20, p. 94

  34. Mountains • What is a mountain? • Ecological importance of mountains • “Islands of biodiversity” • Climate regulation • Mountain glaciers and effects on sea level • Impact on hydrologic cycle • Human impacts on mountains

  35. Forests near Mt. Rainer, Washington Fig. 5-21, p. 94

  36. Human Impacts on Mountains Natural Capital Degradation Mountains Landless poor migrating uphill to survive Timber extraction Mineral resource extraction Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs Increasing tourism (such as hiking and skiing) Air pollution from industrial and urban centers Increased ultraviolet radi-ation from ozone depletion Soil damage from off-road vehicles Fig. 5-22, p. 95

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