BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

1. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE BIODIVERSITY ANDCLIMATE CHANGE Vice-Rector for Scientific, Innovative and International Activities Academician of NAAS of Ukraine Maksym D. Melnychuk www.mdmelnychuk.com maksymm@yahoo.com

2. What is biodiversity? Biodiversity – the term given to the variety of life on Earth, provides a form of living matter ecosystem goods and services that support human life. However, anthropogenic pressures on ecosystems leads to change and loss of biodiversity at an unprecedented pace in history. Today, people are changing ecosystems faster and bigger than in any other period in human history. In addition, climate change putting additional pressure on natural ecosystems. Unusual corncabbage are selected to increase biodiversity in maize breeding

3. Observed changes • Since the mid 1800s the average global temperature has risen by about 0.6 degrees on Celsius, which had inevitably impact on the planet. For example, during the twentieth century: • the average global sea level has risen by 10-20 cm; • the total volume of glaciers in Switzerland fell by two thirds; • thickness of Arctic sea ice in the late summer and early autumn, decreased by about 40%; • Mount Kenya has lost 92% of the mass of ice, and Mount Kilimanjaro - 82%. Other significant observed changes includes: • reduction of 40-60% of the total available water resources as the basins of major rivers Niger, Senegal and Lake Chad; • deviation of 70% of sandy shoreline; • movement of the boreal forests of Alaska to the north by about 100 km at each rise in temperature of 1 degree Celsius. • There are the first victims of climate change – recently extinct golden toad and spotted atelopmontevideo.

4. The time variation of average annual global temperature anomalies in surface air OVER THE OCEANS Temperature anomalies (0C) OVER THE CONTINENT Temperature anomalies (0 C)

5. Impact on climate change Impact on the industry and agriculture The impact on ruderal ecosystems and sea level rising Global weather disasters The impact on Arctic ecosystems and the melting of glaciers

6. Anomalies in sea ice length in the Northern Hemisphere (NSIDC, 2002)

7. Intensive agriculture Rapid population growth has caused need to transition from traditional to intensive agriculture. For about 12 000 years have passed since the birth of agriculture, was cultivated about 7,000 species of plants for food. Today, however, only about 15 species of plants and eight animals species provides 90% of our food needs. Many of the features included in these modern varieties of crops have been adopted from the wild relatives, which improved their productivity and resistance to pests, diseases and difficult growing conditions. Wild relatives of food crops are considered "insurance policy" of the future, since they can be used for the breeding of new varieties resistant to changing conditions.

8. Wild varieties of agricultural crops Unfortunately, many wild varieties of major food crops are threatened. For example, according to the forecast for the next 50 years it will completely disappear quarter of all species of wild potato, that is why growers will probably be difficult to ensure the sustainability of commercial varieties to the changing climate. Wild potatoes found in the alpine biome of the Andes. According to forecast, one quarter of the these species will become extinct within 50 years Wild grapes

9. Observed and projected impacts • Climate change, promoting the spread of pests and diseases may affect the growth and productivity of plants. Among other expected impacts include: • increasing the exposure of heat stress, • changes in rainfall patterns, • more intensive leaching of nutrients from the soil during heavy rains, • more intensive erosion due to the wind power enhancing and an increase the number of wildfires in drier areas, • Strengthening of heat stress and increasing aridity of the soil can reduce crop yields by nearly a third in the tropics and subtropics, where the level of heat resistance of crops is already close to the maximum limit.

10. Adaptation options Conservation of genetic resources of crops and livestock in-situ and ex-situ is essential for the maintenance of options needed for agricultural purposes in the future. Preservation of agricultural biodiversity in-situ is defined as the cultivation by farmers of different populations of agricultural crops in the ecosystem in which it were developed of these crops. This allows support the development and adaptation of crops to native environment. Ex-situ conservation involves the conservation of species outside their natural habitat, such as in greenhouses and seed banks. It should also encourage the conservation of components of agro-ecosystems that provide goods and services, such as natural pest control, pollination and seed dispersal. In fact, the production of 35% of the crop in the world depends on pollinators such as bees, birds and bats.

11. The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol – an international agreement to limit emissions of greenhouse gases. Main purpose of the agreement: to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system of the planet. The Kyoto Protocol – an additional document to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed in 1992 at an international conference in Rio de Janeiro. The Kyoto Protocol came into force on 16 February 2005. To date, the Protocol signed and ratified by 191 countries. United States – have signed but not ratified the treaty.

12. Greenhouse gases According to Annex A to the Kyoto Protocol identifies six main greenhouse gases that actively influence the greenhouse effect. These gases are: Carbon dioxide CO2 Methane, CH4 Nitrous oxide, N2O HFC compounds Perfluorocarboncompounds Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6

13. LIFETIME OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE (IPCC, 2001) • СО2 50-200 years • CH4 10 years • N2O 150 years • CFC-11 65years • CFC-12 130 years

14. Global CO2 emissions by branches(IPCC, 2001)

15. СЦЕНАРИИ РОСТА ОСНОВНЫХ ПАРНИКОВЫХ ГАЗОВ И АЭРОЗОЛЯ В 21-м ВЕКЕСценарии А2 & В2 Growth scenario of the main greenhouse gases and aerosols in the 21st century CO2 CH4 SO4 N2O

16. The world population According to UN estimates, the world population has reached 7 billion as of October 31, 2011. This number is growing further, and is projected to unprecedented pace, although the rate of growth, reaching a peak of 2.2% in 1963, declined by almost half. If and further the world's population continues to grow, it will reach 9 billion to 2042. Forecast of the global population. The ordinate scale is used (million). Logarithmic scale Population dynamics of the world, billions of people., 10,000 BC. – 2000 BC.

17. The cultivation of GMO crops

18. What are modified more often? Soy Lecithin, meat products (sausage, hot dogs), tofu cheese, soy sauce, dry milk, etc. Кукурудза Corn Canned corn, cornmeal, polenta, bread, cookies, crackers etc. Potato Starch. It occurs within the tomato paste, meat products, fruit puree, baking etc. Rice Rice flour, cereal, cereal, pastries etc. Beet *% of GM derivatives of the total number of products in the world Sugar According to the Biological Faculty of Moscow State University National Association for Genetic Security, Research Center of Globalization (www.globalresearch.ca).

19. Potential Danger of GMOs One of the main negative effects of GMOs consider the emergence of "super weeds." This is possible due to the crossing of GMO crops with wild species. These weeds will be different special resistance to herbicides. This is because the plant is resistant to chemicals, and transmits the property weeds. Another important issue of GMOs – Is the gradual replacement of wild animals and plants as well as animals depend on this. Despite the ban on the cultivation of GMO crops in certain areas, the bees can carry pollen. Also, it is still unclear the impact of genetically modified crops on human health. The conducted tests can not fully confirm the safety of such products. A small number of studies have been conducted to determine the effect of GMOs on animals. And they were not all positive.

20. The Benefits of GMOs • High yield; • Big nutritional value of products and thus improve the quality of products; • The variety of foods in the diet, which leads to better health; • For developing countries - it is an opportunity to improve their well-being; • Reduce, if not abandonment of fertilizers and agro-chemical remedies.

21. Schematic diagram of the human life A men’s life (Homo sapiens) Philosophy of everyone Aim in life How to implement it? Heritage (intelligence, kids, capital, etc.) Result of life Damages or compensation resource of the planet Earth, which is transferred to the generation Effects after the end of life

22. Sustainable development Sustainable development – the general concept of the need to strike a balance between satisfying the contemporary needs of humanity and the protection of the interests of future generations, including their need for a safe and healthy environment. Sustainable development – balanced (correct, uniform, balanced) development – a process of change in which the exploitation of natural resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development, personal development and institutional changes are consistent with each other and strengthen the current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations. Solar energy towers convert natural resource of the sun and is a source of renewable energy. In the photo: solar tower PS20 and PS10

23. Current trends of modern generation

24. The intensification of human life

25. Endless Wars

26. Global pollution of the Planet

27. Some aspects of the market economy Greed Wealthdoesnotreduceits

28. Market should not dictate the development of mankind, but balanced and scientifically-based interaction with the laws of nature! • The need for bio-social economy on the Earth!

29. The basis of success of humanity - the priority values ​​of living in harmony with nature! SOCIETY PROSPERITY IN FOOD GLOBAL SUCCESS CONDITIONS OF LIFE FOR PEOPLE BALLANCE IN NATURE

30. CONCLUSION The concept of the five basic principles : Humanity can really make development sustainable and long-term nature, in order to match the needs of people living now, without losing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Limitations that exist in the exploitation of natural resources, relative. They are related to the state of technology and social organization, as well as to the ability of the biosphere to heal itself. Necessary to satisfy the basic needs of all people and all provide an opportunity to realize their hopes for a prosperous life. Without this, sustainable and long-term development is impossible. One of the main causes of environmental and other disasters – the poverty that have become commonplace in the world. Necessary to establish the quality of life those who use the excess funds (money and material), with the environmental features of the planet, in particular regarding the use of energy. Size and population growth rates should be agreed with the production potential of global ecosystem.

31. ДЯКУЮ ЗА УВАГУ! THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION! Схема устойчивого развития