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The Earth Moon System

The Earth Moon System. Formation, Development, and Current State. We were wrong…. It was once believed that Earth was created, instantly, 6000 years ago. Ancient thinkers like Aristotle and Leonardo da Vinci saw fossils as evidence the Earth was much older.

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The Earth Moon System

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  1. The Earth Moon System Formation, Development, and Current State

  2. We were wrong… • It was once believed that Earth was created, instantly, 6000 years ago. • Ancient thinkers like Aristotle and Leonardo da Vinci saw fossils as evidence the Earth was much older. • Lord Kelvin used heat to determine an age of 24-400 million years old • Arthur Holmes was the first to get a near accurate age of the Earth using, determining the earth to be about 1.6byo using radioactive decay. • Later, improved methods of radiometric dating led to a much more accurate age of the Earth.

  3. Formation • About 4.5 billion years ago, Earth, along with the other planets in our solar system began to take shape. • They formed in accretion disks. • The material that formed the Earth was created in supernovas.

  4. Proto-Earth • Within 10-20 million years Earth, slightly smaller than today, had formed from the accretion disk located about 150,000,000km from the sun. • It is hypothesized that another, even smaller planet was also forming at about the same distance. • This planet, Theia, was about the size of Mars.

  5. Giant Impact Hypothesis • Shortly after the formation of these two planets, Theia struck Earth with a glancing blow. • This impact liquefied Earth and ejected a large amount of molten material. • The ejected material formed the Moon. • The remainder of Theia sunk to the center of Earth to help form its iron core. • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Big_Slash.gif • There are some other, less likely idea’s as to how the Moon formed

  6. Co-Formation Hypothesis • Before, we visited the Moon and were able to analyze its contents, it was thought that the Moon formed at the same time and location as Earth. • This would have left the Moon rotating directly above the equator with much more Iron than it currently has.

  7. Fission Hypothesis • It was also once believed that centrifugal forces pulled a chunk of earth out into space leaving a basin behind which later formed the Pacific Ocean. • This would have required the Earth to be spinning much faster than it does today. • It also would have formed the Moon rotating directly above the Equator. • These facts make this an unlikely hypothesis.

  8. Capture Hypothesis • Because the Moon’s orbit is not directly above the equator, it was once believed that the moon was formed elsewhere in the Solar System and later captured by Earth’s gravity. • For this to have occurred the Earth would have needed a much larger atmosphere to slow down the approaching Moon. • This too is very unlikely.

  9. Explanation • The Giant impact Hypothesis is the most likely because it helps explain other features about the Earth Moon system. • Large amount of Iron in the core • Still molten mantle • Tilt of the Earth • Speed of Rotation of Earth

  10. A Changing Planet Time Line • 4.5 bya - Magma Earth • 4.4bya - Ocean Earth • Carbon dioxide atmosphere, iron rich oceans • 3.4bya - Continents form • Granite floats on magma • 2.2-1.5bya - Blue Planet • Stromatolites release oxygen that turns oceans and sky blue.

  11. Time Line (cont) • 1.0bya Rodinia • Super-continent • Trilobites best evidence • 700mya Snowball Earth • Caused by massive super-continent • 630mya Cambrian Explosion • Shallow seas allows for evolution of a wide variety of life • Evidence found in Burgess Shale

  12. Time Line (cont) • 300mya - Animals/Plants moved on land • Oxygen in atmosphere created ozone that protected animals and plants from UV rays • 250mya - Massive volcanic eruptions • Led to extinction of 95% of living things • Creation of Pangea • 235mya - Dinosaurs began to rule • “Lukewarm” blooded, allowed them to survive in hot, oxygen rich environment.

  13. Time Line (cont) • 180mya - Pangea breaks up. • Dinosaurs survive • 65mya - KT Boundary • Asteroid/Comet impacts Mexico • Volcanoes erupting in India • Most dinosaurs go extinct

  14. Time Line (cont) • 50mya - Mammals began to flourish • Uplift and Erosion shape surface of Earth • 2mya - Human ancestors leave Africa • Ice Ages send glaciers back and forth across the continents • 10,000ya - Last Ice Age retreats • Human civilization begins

  15. The Future • +15000y - New Ice Age • Within the next 15000 years a new Ice Age will begin. • +200my - New Super-Continent forms • +2by - Mantle and Core cool • Stops tectonic movement • Stops magnetic field

  16. Earth • Earth is the 5th largest planet. • 12,800km diameter. • Not a perfect sphere • Centrifugal force makes the circumference around equator bigger than circumference around poles. (difference of 67km) • Oblique Spheroid

  17. Earth’s Axis • Earths axis is an imaginary line that runs through the Geographic North and South Poles. • The Earth spins about this axis once every 23hours 56minutes. • The axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5º from vertical. • This tilt is responsible for the seasons.

  18. Seasons • The seasons have differing weather patterns for two reasons • 1. The angle of the Sun’s rays varies from most direct in the summer (hotter) to least direct in the winter (cooler) • 2. The length of day varies from longest in the summer to shortest in the winter, giving the Sun’s rays less time to warm the Earth. • The Northern and Southern Hemispheres have opposite seasons.

  19. Solstices • The solstices occur on when the amount of daylight is the greatest or least and the angle of the Sun’s Rays are the most or least direct. • Winter Solstice - December 21st • Summer Solstice - June 21st

  20. Equinoxes • An equinox occurs when there is exactly 12hours of daylight and the Sun’s rays are pointing directly at the equator. • Spring Equinox - March 21st • Fall Equinox - September 23rd

  21. Earth’s Structure • Earth is comprised of several layers. • These layers are separated due to their density. • Crust • Upper Mantle • Lower Mantle • Outer Core • Inner Core

  22. Crust • The Crust is the layer of the Earth we all walk on. • 0-35km below the surface of the Earth. • Two different types • Granite Crust - Covers continents, thicker • Basaltic Crust - Ocean Floor, thinner • Crust contains rock in all phases of the rock cycle.

  23. Mantle • The Mantle is the area of rock between the core and the crust. (35-3000km) • The rock is plastic in characteristic and flows too slowly to be considered a liquid. • The difference between the upper and lower mantle is due to the way seismic vibrations pass through. • Seems to be pressure related.

  24. Outer Core • Liquid layer of Iron and Nickel located between the inner core and the lower mantle. • 3000-5000km deep • Predominantly responsible for Earth’s magnetic field due to the rapid movement of the liquid metal.

  25. Inner Core • The center of the Earth. • Solid alloy of nickel and iron. • 5000-6400km deep • Thought to be hotter than the surface of the sun. (Remains solid due to immense pressure)

  26. Earth’s Magnetic Field • As a result of the rapidly spinning liquid metal found in the outer core, Earth has a magnetic field, similar to a giant bar magnet. • This magnetic field protects us from harmful rays and particles emitted from the sun.

  27. Magnetic Poles • Just like a bar magnet, Earth has magnetic north and south poles. • A compass is a small magnet that aligns its self to Earths magnetic field, always pointing to the North and South Magnetic Poles. • A compass above either magnetic pole will point in random directions. • These poles do not align with Geographic poles. • They can move up to 15km a year.

  28. The Moon • The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite. • It is the fifth largest moon in the Solar System. • The Moon’s orbit ranges from a distance 363,000km to 406,000km. • The moon is about 3500km in diameter • This gives the moon roughly 1/6th the gravity of here on Earth.

  29. Moon (cont) • The moon takes 27.3 days to orbit the Earth. • As the Earth is also moving during this time the Moon completes its cycle of phases over a period of 29.5 days.

  30. Structure of the Moon • Like Earth, the Moon has a crust, mantle and core. • Unlike Earth, only a small portion of the Moon’s core is still liquid. • The Moon has cooled significantly since it was formed.

  31. Surface of the Moon • The Moon’s surface has several important features. • Maria - dark, relatively featureless plains on the moon. • Formed as lava filled depressions left by impacts. • Terre - Lighter colored highlands of the moon • Mountains exist only around the edges of Maria and were not formed by tectonic movement.

  32. Surface of the Moon (cont) • Regolith - the “soil” of the Moon • Result of many impacts breaking up rock into very fine particles. • Maria has 3-5m of regolith, Terre has 10-20m. • Impact Craters - form as asteroids, meteors, and comets impact the Moon. • Lack of atmosphere leaves these craters undisturbed.

  33. Motion of the Moon • If we could view the Earth moon system from above the North Pole, the moon would rotate around the Earth counterclockwise. • It also rotates once about its axis, again in a counterclockwise motion.

  34. Tides • One of the most obvious effects of the relationship between the Moon and Earth are tides. • Tides are the result of the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun on Earth’s oceans. • They can cause the level of the ocean to change as much as 17 meters depending on the location

  35. Types • There are two types of tides. • Spring tides occur when the Moon, Earth and Sun form a straight line. • These tides are the most extreme, highest and lowest. • Gravity of Sun and Moon work together. • Neap tides occur when the Moon, Earth, and Sun form a right angle. • These tides have the least variation between high and low tide. • Gravity of Sun and Moon are work against each other.

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