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Macromolecular Structures

Macromolecular Structures. Really Big Molecules. Macromolecular Structures. Types of Macromolecular Structures Covalent Network Systems Polymers Plastics Biomolecules. Covalent Network. Covalent Network Solids. Systems of Interlocking Covalent Bonds Not Individual Molecules

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Macromolecular Structures

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  1. Macromolecular Structures Really Big Molecules

  2. Macromolecular Structures • Types of Macromolecular Structures • Covalent Network Systems • Polymers • Plastics • Biomolecules

  3. Covalent Network

  4. Covalent Network Solids • Systems of Interlocking Covalent Bonds • Not Individual Molecules • All have very high melting points • Examples • Carbon • Graphite • Diamond • Nanotubes • Silicon • Silicon dioxide • Silica, Glass, Quartz

  5. Graphite • Massive Sets of Fused 6 membered rings Jmol

  6. Graphite • Properties • Good lubricant • Conducts electricity • Very high melting point

  7. Diamond • Tetrahedral repeating pattern • Very strong network of bonds • Diamond is the hardest substance known. Jmol

  8. Carbon Nanotubes • Similar structure to graphite • Sheet of 6 membered rings rolled into a tube. • Have high melting points • Very high strength • High conductivity

  9. Buckeyballs • Not a covalent network • C60 molecule • Many other possible spherical arrangements • Fullerenes Jmol

  10. Silica • Has an empirical formula of SiO2 • Has a repeating tetrahedral structure • Oxygens are parts of multiple tetrahedra. • Gives glass and sand their high melting points. Jmol

  11. Polymers

  12. Polymers • “poly-” = many • “mer” from meros = part • Polymer – a chemical compound formed from many smaller molecules. Requires a little bit of organic chemistry shorthand.

  13. Organic Shorthand • Drawing all those hydrogens gets tedious • Condense them • Use a line notation • Each red dot represents a carbon • It is understood that each carbon has an octet filled out with hydrogen unless otherwise noted.

  14. Plastics • Polymers made from small organic molecules • Organic compounds are made from carbon.

  15. Polyethylene • Made from ethylene molecules • Used in milk cartons (HDPE) • 6 pack plastic rings (LDPE) Jmol

  16. Polypropylene • Made from propylene • Used in clothing and Gladware type containers. Jmol

  17. Polyethylene terephthalate • Has two monomers • Ethylene • Terephthalic acid • Used in soda bottles (PETE or PET)

  18. Teflon • Polytetrafluoroethylene • Due to high electronegativity of fluorine, the structure is not very susceptible to forming an induced dipole • Makes a very slippery surface Jmol

  19. Polystyrene • Made from styrene monomers • Can be fluffed • Styrofoam • Can be compact • Drink lids

  20. Biopolymers

  21. Biopolymers • Polymers made from biomolecules • 4 Basic Types of Biomolecules • Amino Acids • Proteins are amino acid polymers • Carbohydrates • Starch and Cellulose are carbohydrate polymers • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • DNA and RNA are nucleic acid polymers

  22. Amino Acids • Named for two parts of the structure • Amine functional group • Carboxylic acid functional group

  23. Amino Acids • The different amino acids are different in one location • R is just a place holder • The R group in this particular case is called a “side chain”

  24. Amino Acids

  25. Amino Acids

  26. Polymerizing Amino Acids Peptide Bond

  27. Aspartame • Nutrasweet • Aspartic acid • Phenylalanine

  28. Protein Structure • Proteins fold in on themselves. • They fold so that • Nonpolar side chains are on the interior of the protein (away from water) • Polar side chains are on the exterior of the protein.

  29. Proteins • Hemoglobin • Collagen Jmol

  30. Carbohydrates • Names comes from observation about formulas • C6H12O6 – Glucose/Fructose/Galactose • C12H22O11 – Sucrose • C5H10O5 – Ribose • All have a 2:1 ratio of H:O

  31. Carbohydrate Polymers • The most important carbohydrate polymers have glucose monomers • Starch • Amylose • Amylopectin • Cellulose • These differ only by how the glucose molecules connect.

  32. Starch • Used for glucose storage in plants • Amylose – linear structure • Amylopectin – branched structure

  33. Cellulose • Linear polymer • Forms cell wall of plants. • Indigestible by humans

  34. Why are they different? • Why is starch digestible and celluose isn’t? • We have the enzyme necessary to break this bond. • We lack the enzyme necessary to break down this bond.

  35. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acid monomers are nucleotides • Nitrogenous base • Pentose (sugar with 5 carbons) • Ribose = RNA • Deoxyribose = DNA • Phosphate

  36. Nucleotide Polymerization

  37. Nucleic Acid Structure

  38. DNA Base Pairs

  39. DNA Double Helix Jmol

  40. RNA • RNA can base pair too. • RNA can form helical structures too Jmol

  41. RNA and Protein Together • Ribosome

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