Classical Civilization

1. Classical Civilization • is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.

2. Warm Up 1. HOW DID THE MAJOR RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS INFLUENCE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS? • Lay the foundations for political centralization and organization • Monument building • Written articulation of legal codes • Social classes • Economic Trade • Technology- Irrigation, weapons, math • Religion

3. Ancient Greece

4. In this Unit of Study over Greece: We will identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following events from 500 BC to AD 600: the development of the classical civilizations of Greece (1B) Locate places and regions of historical significance directly related to major eras and turning points in world history. (16A) Identify the characteristics democracy, republic, oligarchy (19B readiness) Describe the rights and responsibilities of citizens and noncitizens in civic participation throughout history (21 B readiness) Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras of world history. (24 A)

5. Geography • Sea • Peninsula • 1400 island • Land • ¾ mountains and valleys • 20% suitable farm land • Climate • 48-80 degrees

6. Greece 2. What are a few physical challenges that the Greek civilizations would have to overcome? Why does it matter? Europe Mediterranean Sea Africa

7. Challenges for Greeks • Trade on the water • Farm land – enough food for the people — diet • Fresh water • Being united under one religion, leader (government), language, loyalty • distance

8. Mycenaean's • Settled around 2000 BC • warrior kings • Invaded Minoans on Crete & took ideas from their culture back • Trade, writing, language, religion, decoration • Trojan War • Fell about 1200 BC Mycenaean's on Peloponnesus Minoans on island of Crete

9. Helen The face that could launch a thousand ships!

10. Dorian's • 1150 to 750 BC – period of decline • less advanced people • no records exist • oral stories –Homer

11. Mythology • Set of myths • explain world around them Rich set of myths. Their mythology explains the actions of gods and events in nature. That is to say they used them to explain the mysteries of nature and the power of human passion. In Greek mythology, the gods often act like humans. They show feelings, such as love, hate, and jealousy. Unlike humans, though, the gods live forever.

12. 621 BC IN ATHENS Draco and Draconian Law Although the exact legislation Draco (Drāco or Drăkōn) codified in Athens, Greece, is no longer known, legend states the laws were rigid and excessively harsh even for offenses as menial as idleness.Due to riots in Athens, the Alcmaeonidae (aristocratic rulers) decided that all laws that had been orally passed should be written in a plainly stated form so that a poor man could avoid breaking them. Until this time, blood feuds and oral laws which could be made up at any time were used across Athens and punishment was often carried out via vendettas. Only the upper classes were made aware of the laws.Draco was a legislator in Athens who was authorized by the Alcmaeonidae to write the law codes around 621 B.C. It marked the first time the laws in Athens were set down in writing and they were lauded for their impartiality.

13. Following a war with the city of Megara, the aristocratic rulers were banished from Athens. Another legislator named Solon was authorized to re-write the laws of Athens to relieve the misery of the lower classes.Between approximately 594 to 614 B.C., the archon or magistrate began repealing the unnecessarily harsh penalties Draco had decreed for trivial crimes. Although he drastically reformed the legal system, Solon retained the death penalty as the punishment for homicide.Solon also freed Athenians who had been enslaved due to debt and returned their land. Although the changes were unpopular, Solon also reformed the monetary system, and weights and measures. 594 BC - Solon’s reforms Temple of Athena

14. PERSIAN WAR • 520 BC Persians, under Darius, attack Ionia • 490 BC Athens wins Battle of Marathon • 480-479 BC Xerxes loses to Athens, losing Persian War Athens uses the prestige gained during the war and the burst of entering wealth set eh stage for a dazzling birth of creativity in Athens which allowed it to enter its brief Golden Age. WHY SIGNIFICANT? Defeat of the largest Mesopotamian civilization which leads to the rise of the next great civilization - the Greeks.

15. 3. How would the Greeks be affected after the Persian Wars (490-479 BC)? • New confidence and freedom for Greek city-states • Examples • Athens begins a golden age and becomes leader of the 140 city-state Delian League • Pericles and Democracy in Athens leads to a golden age – Establishment of direct democracy, strengthening of navy and overseas trade, wealth used to create great works including the Parthenon The Acropolis

16. GOLDEN AGE of ATHENS(The Age of Pericles) • Arts and sciences reach new heights • Pericles reforms Athens • Stronger democracy • Athenian Empire • Glorifying Athens

17. So What? Why is having a strong Empire (navy) matter? • Location • Geography • Economy • Technology • Greece has few natural resources and Athens is a port city which is great for trading items, ideas tourist, and wealth, but could be dangerous due to enemy invasion.

18. Pericles • Greek Statesman • Pericles was the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars

19. 4. List some characteristics of Greek art. • Classical art that addresses order, balance, and proportion • Greek drama • Growth of philosophy True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing.-Socrates 5. What does Socrates mean? How could this quote affect the people in Greece?

20. COMPARING SPARTA& ATHENS warring city-states

21. LOCATION & GEOGRAPHY • inland – on Peloponnesus • near ancient Mycenae Macedonia • near coast in Attica • connected to port city of Piraeus Mediterranean Sea

22. GOVERNMENT • Totalitarian military dictatorship • Oligarchy - 2 monarchs • Gerousia • Senate • 5 Ephors • birthplace of direct democracy • Agora • Market place & a place for assembly • Assembly • Leaders who "swore on behalf of the city"

23. LAWS & RIGHTS • controlled all aspects of life • to serve and to excel • made by Assembly • Ostracizing • to exclude or banish • jury trial • many freedoms

24. 6. How did the Greek legal traditions contribute to the development of contemporary political systems? Trial by a jury of your peers equal justice to all Need documents to accuse a person-Innocent until proven guilty Voting- Direct democracy (1person 1 vote) Passing laws Speaking at public meetings Participating in the government Paying taxes Serving in the military (Sparta – life-long career) Following (obeying) laws Written codes of laws (begun by Solon) Pericles extends democracy

25. 7. Get an examples of Greek architecture that influenced American architecture? columns

26. MAJOR OCCUPATIONS • soldier • merchant • farmer • manufacturer

27. MILITARY TRAINING • voluntary – one year • reserves • training was thorough • mandatory – Age 11 • harsh, demanding • cadet

28. Military Successes & Colonies and Allies • all city-states in Peloponnesus • won war • Peloponnesian League • Marathon, Salamis • defeated Persian Empire • Asia Minor colonies • Delian League

29. EDUCATION • military school • private tutors • philosophers

30. SOCIAL CLASSES • Soldiers-men • female citizens • foreigners • helots • male citizens • metics • Females (non citizens) • slaves

31. 8. LIST THE RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS & NONCITIZENS In Greece, because Greece was not united, this varied from city-state to city-state. Citizens – Men born free who owned property Rights for citizens included 1. Voting 2. Passing laws 3. Speaking at public meetings Non-citizens– non- citizens never could become a citizens 1. women (except Sparta) 2. Slaves 3. foreigners

32. 9. What was the role of women, children and family in classical Greek city-states? • Life and family in Greece • Families – social structure for most societies • Women and children – lack of power, influence, and inequality • Sparta boys sent to military school at young age

33. SLAVERY • helots • worked in shops & farms • worked in household or industry

34. THE ARTS • classical forms • downtown prettier than home • idealized sculpture • Represent religion & their gods • Iliad, Odyssey • dramatists • basic structures • beauty was wimpy • no drama or poetry

35. PELOPONNESIAN WARSparta vs. Athens

36. CAUSES 1. Competition for power 2. No permanent unity 3. Spartan concerns of Athens

37. IMPORTANT FACTORS 1. Others helped- not just Sparta vs. Athens 2. Strengths- brawn vs. brains 3. plague 4. long war- 27 years

38. RESULTS 1. Many killed- entire generations gone 2. Weakened power of city-statesleads to Phillip II of Macedonia arrives and conquers Greece 3. Alexander the Great - 336 BC 4. Hellenistic Culture = spread of Greek, Persian, and Egyptian Civilization Conquests bring about end of independent Greek city-states and blend Greek cultures with eastern cultures to establish the Hellenistic Age

39. The distance that the Hellenistic culture covered and the fact that it preserved and spread Greek knowledge across 3 different continents CULTURAL DIFFUSION  9. Explain why the establishment of a Hellenistic Empire would be considered a great achievement? Hellenistic Era brings about advancements in trade, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and art; Alexandria in Egypt is center of Hellenistic world, which is conquered by Rome in 150 BC

40. Alexander the Great Videos • Video #1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-mkVSasZIM

41. Exit Ticket = Thesis Statement • Essay Prompt for Thesis Statement: Format X. However, A, B, & C. Therefore, Y. Which city-state had the greatest influence on Greece’s cultural development, Athens and Sparta?