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The Skeletal System Chapter 5 – Part 1

The Skeletal System Chapter 5 – Part 1. Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton. The Skeletal System. Functions of Bones. Support of the body Protection of soft organs

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The Skeletal System Chapter 5 – Part 1

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  1. The Skeletal SystemChapter 5 – Part 1

  2. Parts of the skeletal system • Bones (skeleton) • Joints • Cartilages • Ligaments • Divided into two divisions • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton The Skeletal System

  3. Functions of Bones • Support of the body • Protection of soft organs • Movement with the help of muscles • Storage of Minerals • Blood cell formation

  4. The skeleton has 206 bones • Two basic types of bone tissue • Compact bone • Hard bone • Spongy bone • Many open spaces Bones of the Human Body Figure 5.2b

  5. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

  6. Classification of Bones • Long Bones • Typically longer than they are wide • Have a shaft with heads at both ends • Contain mostly compact bone • Ex. Femur, humerus

  7. Classification of Bones • Short Bones • Generally cube-shape • Contain mostly spongy bone • Ex. Carpals, tarsals

  8. Classification of Bones • Flat Bones • Thin and flattened • Usually curved • Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone • Ex. Skull, ribs, sternum

  9. Classification of Bones • Irregular Bones • Irregular shape • Do not fit into other bone classification categories • Ex. Vertebrae and hip

  10. Gross Anatomy of the Long Bone

  11. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone • Diaphysis • Shaft • Composed of compact bone • Epiphysis • Ends of the bone • Composed mostly of spongy bone

  12. Structures of the Long Bone • Periosteum • Outside covering of the diaphysis • Fibrous connective tissue membrane • Protection • Sharpey’s fibers • Secures periosteum to the diaphysis • Arteries • Supply bone cells with nutrients

  13. Structures of the Long Bone • Articular cartilage • Covers the external surface of the epiphyses • Made of hyaline cartilage • Decreases friction at joint surfaces

  14. Structures of the Long Bone • Medullary cavity • Cavity of the shaft • Contains mostly yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

  15. Long Bone Structures & Components • Epiphyseal Line • the remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) • Epiphyseal Plate • where the lengthwise growth of long bones occurs during childhood and puberty. • By the end of puberty the growth hormone stops and the plates are replaced by bone

  16. Surface features of bones • Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments • Help in joint formation • Passages for nerves and blood vessels • Categories of bone markings • Projections or processes – grow out from the bone surface • Depressions or cavities – indentations Bone Markings

  17. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

  18. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone • Osteon (Haversian System) • A unit of bone • Central (Haversian) canal • Opening in the center of an osteon • Carries blood vessels and nerves • Perforating (Volkman’s) canal • Canal perpendicular to the central canal • Carries blood vessels and nerves • Ensures that EVERY bone cell gets nutrients

  19. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone • Lacunae • Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) • Arranged in concentric rings • Lamellae • Rings around the central canal • Sites of lacunae

  20. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone • Canaliculi • Tiny canals • Radiate from the central canal to lacunae • Form a transport system

  21. Bone Growth • Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood • New cartilage is continuously formed • Older cartilage becomes ossified • Cartilage is broken down • Bone replaces cartilage

  22. In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage • During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone • Cartilage remains in isolated areas • Bridge of the nose • Parts of ribs • Joints Changes in the Human Skeleton

  23. Types of Bone Cells • Osteocytes • Mature bone cells • Osteoblasts • Bone-forming cells • Osteoclasts • Bone-destroying cells • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium • Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

  24. Long-Bone Formation & Growth

  25. Bone Growth Animation http://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/growth.html#long

  26. Bone Fractures • A break in a bone • Types of bone fractures • Closed (simple) fractures – break that DOES NOT penetrate the skin • Open (compound) fractures – broken bone penetrates through the skin • Bone fractures are treated with reduction and immobilization • Realignment of the bone

  27. Common Types of Fractures

  28. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

  29. Repair of Bone Fractures • 1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed • 2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus • 3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus • 4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

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