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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar. WEEK 2 Goals and Paradigms. Last Week SYSTEMATICS Science as an Object of Philosophy. Explicit Aspects Objects Structure Character Methods Processes Functions. SYSTEMATICS Science as an Object of Philosophy. Implicit Aspects Origin Contexts

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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar

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  1. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCEbyArmahedi Mahzar WEEK 2 Goals and Paradigms ICAS Jakarta 2003

  2. Last WeekSYSTEMATICSScience as an Object of Philosophy Explicit Aspects • Objects • Structure • Character • Methods • Processes • Functions ICAS Jakarta 2003

  3. SYSTEMATICSScience as an Object of Philosophy Implicit Aspects • Origin • Contexts • Goals • Paradigms ICAS Jakarta 2003

  4. Organismic Aristotlean Physics Universe is living organism Universe is geocentric Matter is continuous Space is finite Time is cyclic Mechanical Newtonian Physics Universe is dead machine Universe is heliocentric Matter is atomic Space is infinite Time is linear The Origin 1(Newtonian Paradigm Shift) ICAS Jakarta 2003

  5. Organismic Aristotlean Physics Motion is explained Stability is natural Motion is caused byforce The origin of force is the Prime Mover There are 4 kinds of causes Mechanical Newtonian Physics Motion is described Inertial motion is natural Change of speed and direction caused by force The origin of force is other material objects The efficient cause is the only cause The Origin 2(Newtonian Paradigm Shift) ICAS Jakarta 2003

  6. Contexts of Science • Material Sociological Context • Technology • Economy • Ideological Cultural Context • Philosophy • Ideology ICAS Jakarta 2003

  7. Goals of Science Discovering the regularities in nature for manipulating the natural phenomena and conquering the natural limitations to raise the welfare of mankind ICAS Jakarta 2003

  8. Paradigms of Science(implicit philosophical bases of science) • Ontological Paradigms • Epistemological Paradigms • Axiological Paradigms ICAS Jakarta 2003

  9. Ontological Paradigms • Materialism • Atomism • Mechanism ICAS Jakarta 2003

  10. Ontological Paradigm 1Materialism • The objects of science are pieces of matter • Matter is the ultimate reality • Mind is a material property ICAS Jakarta 2003

  11. Ontological Paradigm 2Atomism • The objects of science are the sum of parts • The property of material objects is determined by the interactions of parts • There are smallest parts of matter ICAS Jakarta 2003

  12. Ontological Paradigm 3Mechanism • The world is a great machine • The parts of the world are machines • To explain the world, find its mechanisms ICAS Jakarta 2003

  13. Epistemological Paradigms • Rationalism • Empiricism • Reductionism ICAS Jakarta 2003

  14. Epistemological Paradigm 1Rationalism • The universe has a rational order • Science find natural laws rationally • Science uses Logics and Mathematics ICAS Jakarta 2003

  15. Epistemological Paradigm 2Empiricism • The source of scientific knowledge is in the senses • Instruments are the extensions of senses and muscles ICAS Jakarta 2003

  16. Epistemological Paradigm 3Reductionism • The whole is the sum of the parts • The property of the whole is only caused by the interaction of the parts • All systems reduced to machines ICAS Jakarta 2003

  17. Axiological Paradigm • Neutralism • Humanism • Individualism ICAS Jakarta 2003

  18. Axiological Paradigm 1Neutralism • Science is about facts not values • Science is value-free • Science is neutral ICAS Jakarta 2003

  19. Axiological Paradigm 2Humanism • Science is human knowledge • Science is the highest knowledge • Science is for human welfare ICAS Jakarta 2003

  20. Axiological Paradigm 3Individualism • Science is atomistic • Individual is the atom of society • The ultimate goal of scienceis the happiness of the individuals ICAS Jakarta 2003

  21. Next Week CRISIS & CRITICISMS ICAS Jakarta 2003

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