Wednesday, December 4 th 2013

1. Wednesday, December 4th 2013 • Bell Ringer: Pick up a post-it note and answer the following question:What does “emancipation” mean? Place the sticky note on the corner of your desk.

2. The Civil WarApril 1861- May1864 http://www.yorkpahistory.com/gettysburg-poster/

3. Woken at dawn to begin their day. • Drills in the morning and afternoon where they practiced for battle. • If they had some free time they might play games such as poker or dominoes. • At night some soldiers would have guard duty. This could make for a long and tiring day. 

5. The soldiers of the civil war had to deal with terrible medical conditions. Doctors didn't know about infections. They didn't even bother to wash their hands! Many soldiers died from infections and disease. Even a small wound could end up infected and cause a soldier to die. The idea of medicine during this time was very primitive. They had little knowledge of pain killers or anesthetics. During major battles there were far more wounded soldiers than doctors. There was little doctors could do for wounds to the torso, but for wounds to the arms and legs, they would often amputate. 

6. The soldiers of the Civil War were often hungry. They mostly ate hard crackers made from flour, water, and salt called hardtack. Sometimes they would get salt pork or corn meal to eat.

7. New Weapons • Many new weapons were used during the Civil War. • One of these weapons was an ironclad ship. An ironclad ship was a ship with iron plates on it to protect it from cannon fire.

8. Other new weapons • Deadlier cannons and bullets • More accurate rifles

9. Antietam • Fought on September 17, 1862. • Fought at Antietam Creek, Maryland • Confederate General: Robert E. Lee • Union General: George McClellan • Confederate casualties were about 13,700. • Union lost about 12,400 men. • The Battle of Antietam proved to be one of the bloodiest single days in the war. • Although the Union won, Lee’s army was able to escape to Virginia.

11. Antietam

12. Emancipation Proclamation • Announced by Abraham Lincoln • January 1, 1863 • Freed (emancipated) slaves in the Confederate States. • Northern states could now feel that they were fighting not only to save the Union, but also to end slavery.

13. Emancipation His first challenge was that the U.S. Constitution did not prohibit slavery. Individual states could outlaw slavery, but not the U.S. Government. Lincoln used his background as a lawyer to come up with a solution more or less based on the following questions that I would like you to answer:

14. Emancipation Question: How did slave owners legally consider their slaves (and horses, buildings, etc…)?

15. Emancipation Answer: Slaves were considered to be property.

16. Emancipation Question: What happens to property that armies capture from their enemy during a war? Image courtesy Library of Congress

17. Emancipation Answer: The property captured (called contraband) belongs to the army that captured it and its government.

18. Emancipation ActivityLook at your excerpt from the Emancipation Proclamation. Let’s read the second paragraph together. Image courtesy Library of Congress

19. Emancipation Proclamation How is President Lincoln portrayed in this particular cartoon? What does this cartoon suggest about Southern thoughts and feeling pertaining to emancipation?

20. Emancipation Proclamation • The Southern View: • As far as the Confederate government was concerned, the new law held no power. • Confederate states no longer followed Union laws. • The act of emancipation was considered a desperate act on behalf of the North.

21. Emancipation Proclamation • The Significance: • Confirmed the U.S. stance against slavery. • European countries were reluctant to support a government that promoted slavery and thus more likely to assist the Union cause. • It allowed the Union to recruit African Americans from the Confederacy to fight in the army. • By 1865, nearly 180,000 African American soldiers had enlisted in the Union army.

22. Major Battles of the Civil War • Gettysburg: • Fought July 1-3, 1863, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. • Fought between Confederate General Robert E. Lee and Union General George Meade. • Lee entered Pennsylvania convinced that a decisive victory could end the war. • Lee wanted to get troops fresh supplies • Hurt the presidential election of 1864

23. Gettysburg • Both armies run into each other accidentally. • Fighting ensues for three days. • Over 50,000 total casualties suffered. • Lee forced to retreat. • A major Union victory (considered the turning point of the war for the North). • Picket’s charge on July 3, 1863 helped secure a Union victory. Major turning point because the Union had lost every major battle in which it had fought in 1861 and 1862.

25. Chickamauga • Fought September 18-20, 1863. • Three days of fighting. • Bloodiest battle fought in Georgia. • Control of the railroad near Chattanooga, Tennessee at stake. • A Confederate victory. • Over 34,000 total casualties.

26. William Tecumseh Sherman • Sherman: • Considered the father of total war. • He was 2nd in command of the Union Army (under Ulysses S. Grant). • Planned to invade Atlanta, which was the main supply line for the Confederacy. • On November 2, 1864, receives permission to march to Savannah.

27. The Battle of Atlanta: • Sherman and the Union Army had traveled south from Chattanooga to Atlanta • North of Atlanta, they began to fight General Hood and the Confederate Army • Sherman pushed Hood south into Atlanta, causing the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, 1864 • After setting fire to Atlanta, on November 16, 1864, Sherman begins his “March to the Sea” using total war. • Total war – Sherman plans to live off of the land and steal, confiscate, kill or burn anything to make his campaign successful.

28. March to the Sea: • Sherman sets out for Savannah with over 60,000 men. • His march will break up into 4 lines and span about 60 miles wide. • He destroyed all military targets, farms, homes, towns, railroads, bridges, and roads

29. Andersonville Prison • Andersonville Prison opened in February 1864. • Andersonville Prison was located in Georgia. • During the Civil War, tens of thousands of Union soldiers were imprisoned there. Conditions were very bad. Unhealthy sanitation conditions, malnutrition, and overcrowding led to mass amounts of casualties. • Out of 45,000 men that were imprisoned at Andersonville, almost 13,000 died.

30. Andersonville

31. Appomattox Court House • On April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders to Grant. • Lee given generous terms • The war is over!

32. What does this cartoon suggest about both the North’s and South’s views pertaining to the end of the war? Do you think that this feeling was mutual throughout the whole entire country? Explain.