geology and nonrenewable mineral resources

1. Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Chapter 12

3. Nanosolar Cells

4. 12-1 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes? Concept 12-1 Gigantic plates in the earth’s crust move very slowly atop the planet’s mantle, and wind and water move matter from place to place across the earth’s surface.

5. The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet What is geology? Earth’s internal structure Core Mantle Crust

6. Plate Tectonics Tectonic plates Lithosphere Types of plate boundaries Divergent Convergent Transform fault

7. Plate Tectonics and Natural Hazards Earthquakes Volcanoes Tsunamis Geologic recycling and biodiversity

8. Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle

9. Figure 12.2: Major features of the earth’s crust and upper mantle. The lithosphere, composed of the crust and outermost mantle, is rigid and brittle. The asthenosphere, a zone in the mantle, can be deformed by heat and pressure.Figure 12.2: Major features of the earth’s crust and upper mantle. The lithosphere, composed of the crust and outermost mantle, is rigid and brittle. The asthenosphere, a zone in the mantle, can be deformed by heat and pressure.

11. Figure 12.3: The earth’s crust is made up of a mosaic of huge rigid plates, called tectonic plates, which move around in response to forces in the mantle. See an animation based on this figure at ThomsonNOW.Figure 12.3: The earth’s crust is made up of a mosaic of huge rigid plates, called tectonic plates, which move around in response to forces in the mantle. See an animation based on this figure at ThomsonNOW.

13. Figure 12.4: The earth’s major tectonic plates. The extremely slow movements of these plates cause them to grind into one another at convergent plate boundaries, move apart from one another at divergent plate boundaries, and slide past one another at transform plate boundaries. Question: What plate are you riding on? See an animation based on this figure at ThomsonNOW.Figure 12.4: The earth’s major tectonic plates. The extremely slow movements of these plates cause them to grind into one another at convergent plate boundaries, move apart from one another at divergent plate boundaries, and slide past one another at transform plate boundaries. Question: What plate are you riding on? See an animation based on this figure at ThomsonNOW.

15. External Earth Processes Weathering Physical Chemical Biological Erosion Rain, flowing water, wind Glaciers

16. 12-2 What Are Minerals and Rocks and How Are Rocks Recycled? Concept 12-2A Some naturally occurring materials in the earth’s crust can be extracted and processed into useful materials. Concept 12-2B Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in the earth’s crust are recycled very slowly by geologic processes.

17. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1) Minerals Mineral resource Fossil fuels Metallic Nonmetallic

18. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (2) Identified resources Reserves Potential impact of nanotechnology

19. Rocks and Minerals Rock Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Ore High-grade ore Low-grade ore Rock cycle

20. The Rock Cycle

21. Figure 12.6: Natural capital: the rock cycle is the slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes. Rocks are recycled over millions of years by three processes: melting, erosion, and metamorphism, which produce igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Rock from any of these classes can be converted to rock of either of the other two classes, or can be recycled within its own class (Concept 12-2B). Question: What are three ways in which the rock cycle benefits your lifestyle?Figure 12.6: Natural capital: the rock cycle is the slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes. Rocks are recycled over millions of years by three processes: melting, erosion, and metamorphism, which produce igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Rock from any of these classes can be converted to rock of either of the other two classes, or can be recycled within its own class (Concept 12-2B). Question: What are three ways in which the rock cycle benefits your lifestyle?

23. Environmental Impact of Using Mineral Resources (1) High energy use Disturb land Erode soil Produce solid waste

24. Environmental Impact of Using Mineral Resources (2) Pollute air, water, and soil Total impact may depend on grade of ore

25. Life Cycle of a Metal Resource

26. Figure 12.7: Life cycle of a metal resource. Each step in this process uses large amounts of energy and produces some pollution and waste.Figure 12.7: Life cycle of a metal resource. Each step in this process uses large amounts of energy and produces some pollution and waste.

27. Figure 12.7: Life cycle of a metal resource. Each step in this process uses large amounts of energy and produces some pollution and waste.Figure 12.7: Life cycle of a metal resource. Each step in this process uses large amounts of energy and produces some pollution and waste.

29. Extracting Mineral Deposits Surface mining Subsurface mining Overburden Spoils

30. Mining Methods Open-pit mining Strip mining Area strip mining Contour strip mining Mountaintop removal

31. Open-pit Mining

32. Strip Mining

33. Contour Strip Mining

34. Figure 12.11: Natural capital degradation: contour strip mining of coal used in hilly or mountainous terrain.Figure 12.11: Natural capital degradation: contour strip mining of coal used in hilly or mountainous terrain.

36. Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining Disruption of land surface Subsidence Toxic-laced mining wastes Acid mine drainage Air pollution

37. Harmful Environmental Effects of Removing Metals from Ores Ore mineral – desired metal Gangue – waste material Smelting Air polluting by-products Chemical removal processes Toxic holding ponds

38. 12-4 How Long Will Mineral Resources Last? Concept 12-4 An increase in the price of a scarce mineral resource can lead to increased supplies and more efficient use of the mineral, but there are limits to this effect.

39. Uneven Distribution of Mineral Resources Abundant minerals Scarce minerals Exporters and importers Strategic metal resources Economic and military strength U.S. dependency – four critical minerals Sources?

40. Supplies of Mineral Resources Available supply and use Economic depletion Six choices after depletion Recycle, reuse, waste less, use less, find a substitute, do without Depletion time

41. Depletion Curves for a Nonrenewable Resource

42. Figure 12.13: Depletion curves for a nonrenewable resource (such as aluminum or copper) using three sets of assumptions. Dashed vertical lines represent times when 80% depletion occurs.Figure 12.13: Depletion curves for a nonrenewable resource (such as aluminum or copper) using three sets of assumptions. Dashed vertical lines represent times when 80% depletion occurs.

44. Mining Lower-grade Ores Improved equipment and technologies Limiting factors Cost Supplies of freshwater Environmental impacts Biomining In-situ mining Genetic engineering

45. Ocean Mining (1) Minerals from seawater Minerals for ocean sediments Hydrothermal deposits Manganese-rich nodules

46. Ocean Mining (2) Mining issues in international waters Environmental issues

47. 12-5 How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainably? Concept 12-5 We can try to find substitutes for scarce resources, recycle and reuse minerals, reduce resource waste, and convert the wastes from some businesses into raw materials for other businesses.

48. Finding Substitutes and Alternatives for Scarce Mineral Resources Materials revolution Ceramics and plastics Limitations Recycle and reuse Less environmental impact

49. Using Nonrenewable Resources More Sustainably Decrease use and waste 3M Company Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program Economic and environmental benefits of cleaner production

50. Sustainable Use of Nonrenewable Minerals

51. Case Study: Industrial Ecosystems (1) Mimic nature to deal with wastes – biomimicry Waste outputs become resource inputs Recycle and reuse Resource exchange webs

52. Case Study: Industrial Ecosystems (2) Reclaiming brownfields Industrial ecology Ecoindustrial revolution

53. An Industrial Ecosystem

54. Figure 12.15: Solutions: an industrial ecosystem in Kalundborg, Denmark, reduces waste production by mimicking a food web in natural ecosystems. The wastes of one business become the raw materials for another. Question: Is there an industrial ecosystem near where you live or go to school? If not, why not?Figure 12.15: Solutions: an industrial ecosystem in Kalundborg, Denmark, reduces waste production by mimicking a food web in natural ecosystems. The wastes of one business become the raw materials for another. Question: Is there an industrial ecosystem near where you live or go to school? If not, why not?

57. Animation: Plate Margins

58. Animation: Sulfur Cycle

59. Animation: Resources Depletion and Degradation

60. Video: Continental Drift

61. Video: Asteroid Menace

62. Video: Indonesian Earthquake

63. Video: Tsunami Alert Testing

64. Video: Mount Merapi Volcano Eruption