1 / 85

Chapter 14 Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

Chapter 14 Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources. Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold. Gold producers China South Africa Australia United States Canada Cyanide heap leaching Extremely toxic to birds and mammals Spills contaminate drinking water and kill birds and fish.

courtneyalexander
Download Presentation

Chapter 14 Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 14 Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

  2. Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold • Gold producers • China • South Africa • Australia • United States • Canada • Cyanide heap leaching • Extremely toxic to birds and mammals • Spills contaminate drinking water and kill birds and fish

  3. Gold Mine with Cyanide Leach Piles and Ponds in South Dakota, U.S. Fig. 14-1, p. 346

  4. 14-1 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes and Hazards? • Concept 14-1 Dynamic processes move matter within the earth and on its surface, and can cause volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, erosion, and landslides.

  5. The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet • What is geology? • Dynamic processes taking place on earth’s surface and in earth’s interior • Three major concentric zones of the earth • Core • Mantle • Including the asthenosphere • Crust • Continental crust • Oceanic crust: 71% of crust

  6. Major Features of the Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle Fig. 14-2, p. 348

  7. Folded mountain belt Volcanoes Abyssal plain Abyssal floor Oceanic ridge Abyssal floor Abyssal hills Craton Trench Oceanic crust (lithosphere) Continental shelf Abyssal plain Continental slope Continental rise Continental crust (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Mantle (asthenosphere) Fig. 14-2, p. 348

  8. The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (1) • Convection cells, or currents • Tectonic Plates • Lithosphere

  9. The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (2) • Three types of boundaries between plates • Divergent boundaries • Magma • Oceanic ridge • Convergent boundaries • Subduction zone • Trench • Transform boundaries: San Andreas fault

  10. The Earth’s Crust Is Made Up of a Mosaic of Huge Rigid Plates: Tectonic Plates Fig. 14-3, p. 348

  11. Spreading center Ocean trench Oceanic tectonic plate Oceanic tectonic plate Oceanic tectonic plate Plate movement Plate movement Oceanic crust Tectonic plate Subduction zone Oceanic crust Continental crust Continental crust Cold dense material falls back through mantle Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle Hot material rising through the mantle Mantle convection cell Mantle Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on a falling convection current. Hot outer core Inner core Fig. 14-3, p. 348

  12. The Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates Fig. 14-4, p. 349

  13. EURASIAN PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE ANATOLIAN PLATE CHINA SUBPLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE PHILIPPINE PLATE ARABIAN PLATE AFRICAN PLATE INDIA PLATE PACIFIC PLATE PACIFIC PLATE COCOS PLATE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE NAZCA PLATE AUSTRALIAN PLATE SOMALIAN SUBPLATE SCOTIA PLATE ANTARCTIC PLATE Transform faults Convergent plate boundaries Divergent plate boundaries Fig. 14-4, p. 349

  14. The San Andreas Fault as It Crosses Part of the Carrizo Plain in California, U.S. Fig. 14-5, p. 350

  15. Some Parts of the Earth’s Surface Build Up and Some Wear Down • Internal geologic processes • Generally build up the earth’s surface • External geologic processes • Weathering • Physical, chemical, and biological • Erosion • Wind • Flowing water • Human activities • Glaciers

  16. Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from the Earth’s Interior • Volcano • Fissure • Magma • Lava • 1991: Eruption of Mount Pinatubo • Benefits of volcanic activity

  17. Creation of a Volcano Fig. 14-6, p. 351

  18. Extinct volcanoes Eruption cloud Ash Acid rain Ash flow Lava flow Mud flow Central vent Landslide Magma conduit Solid lithosphere Magma reservoir Partially molten asthenosphere Upwelling magma Fig. 14-6b, p. 351

  19. Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (1) • Earthquake • Seismic waves • Focus • Epicenter • Magnitude • Amplitude

  20. Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (2) • Richter scale • Insignificant: <4.0 • Minor: 4.0–4.9 • Damaging: 5.0–5.9 • Destructive: 6.0–6.9 • Major: 7.0–7.9 • Great: >8.0 • Largest recorded earthquake: 9.5 in Chile in 1960

  21. Major Features and Effects of an Earthquake Fig. 14-7, p. 351

  22. Liquefaction of recent sediments causes buildings to sink Two adjoining plates move laterally along the fault line Earth movements cause flooding in low-lying areas Landslides may occur on hilly ground Shock waves Focus Epicenter Fig. 14-7a, p. 351

  23. Earthquake Risk in the United States Figure 16, Supplement 8

  24. World Earthquake Risk Figure 17, Supplement 8

  25. Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis • Tsunami, tidal wave • Travels several hundred miles per hour • Detection of tsunamis • Buoys in open ocean • December 2004: Indian Ocean tsunami • Magnitude 9.15 and 31-meter waves at shore • Role of coral reefs and mangrove forests in reducing death toll

  26. Formation of a Tsunami and Map of Affected Area of Dec 2004 Tsunami Fig. 14-8, p. 352

  27. As the waves near land they slow to about 45 kilometers per hour but are squeezed upwards and increased in height. Waves move rapidly in deep ocean reaching speeds of up to 890 kilometers per hour. Waves head inland causing damage in their path. Earthquake in seafloor swiftly pushes water upwards, and starts a series of waves Undersea thrust fault Upward wave Bangladesh India Myanmar Thailand Malaysia Sri Lanka Earthquake Sumatra Indonesia December 26, 2004, tsunami Fig. 14-8, p. 352

  28. Shore near Gleebruk in Indonesia before and after the Tsunami on June 23, 2004 Fig. 14-9, p. 353

  29. 14-2 How Are the Earth’s Rocks Recycled? • Concept 14-2 The three major types of rocks found in the earth’s crust—sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic—are recycled very slowly by the process of erosion, melting, and metamorphism.

  30. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1) • Minerals • Element or inorganic compound in earth’s crust • Usually a crystalline solid • Regular and repeating arrangement of atoms • Rock • Combination of one or more minerals

  31. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (2) • Sedimentary • Sediments from eroded rocks or plant/animal remains • Transported by water, wind, gravity • Deposited in layers and compacted • Sandstone • Shale • Dolomite • Limestone • Lignite • Bituminous coal

  32. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (3) • Igneous • Forms below or at earth’s surface from magma • Granite • Lava rocks • Metamorphic • Preexisting rock subjected to high pressures, high temperatures, and/or chemically active fluids • Anthracite • Slate • Marble

  33. The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Very Slowly • Rock cycle • Slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes

  34. Natural Capital: The Rock Cycle Fig. 14-10, p. 354

  35. Erosion Transportation Weathering Deposition Igneous rock Granite, pumice, basalt Sedimentary rock Sandstone, limestone Heat, pressure Cooling Heat, pressure, stress Magma (molten rock) Melting Metamorphic rock Slate, marble, gneiss, quartzite Fig. 14-10, p. 354

  36. 14-3 What Are Mineral Resources, and What Are their Environmental Effects? • Concept 14-3 We can make some minerals in the earth’s crust into useful products, but extracting and using these resources can disturb the land, erode soils, produce large amounts of solid waste, and pollute the air, water, and soil.

  37. We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1) • Mineral resource • Can be extracted from earth’s crust and processed into raw materials and products at an affordable cost • Metallic minerals • Nonmetallic minerals • Ore • Contains profitable concentration of a mineral • High-grade ore • Low-grade ore

  38. We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (2) • Metallic mineral resources • Aluminum • Iron for steel • Copper • Nonmetallic mineral resources • Sand, gravel, limestone • Reserves: estimated supply of a mineral resource

  39. Some Environmental Impacts of Mineral Use • Advantages of the processes of mining and converting minerals into useful products • Disadvantages

  40. The Life Cycle of a Metal Resource Fig. 14-11, p. 355

  41. Mining Metal ore Separation of ore from waste material Smelting Melting metal Conversion to product Discarding of product Recycling Fig. 14-11, p. 355

  42. Surface mining Melting metal Smelting Metal ore Separation of ore from gangue Conversion to product Discarding of product Recycling Stepped Art Fig. 14-11, p. 355

  43. Extracting, Processing, Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources Fig. 14-12, p. 356

  44. Natural Capital Degradation Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources Steps Environmental Effects Mining Disturbed land; mining accidents; health hazards; mine waste dumping; oil spills and blowouts; noise; ugliness; heat Exploration, extraction Processing Solid wastes; radioactive material; air, water, and soil pollution; noise; safety and health hazards; ugliness; heat Transportation, purification, manufacturing Use Noise; ugliness; thermal water pollution; pollution of air, water, and soil; solid and radioactive wastes; safety and health hazards; heat Transportation or transmission to individual user, eventual use, and discarding Fig. 14-12, p. 356

  45. There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (1) • Surface mining • Shallow deposits removed • Overburden removed first • Spoils: waste material • Subsurface mining • Deep deposits removed

  46. There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (2) • Type of surface mining used depends on • Resource • Local topography • Types of surface mining • Open-pit mining • Strip mining • Contour strip mining • Mountaintop removal

  47. Natural Capital Degradation: Open-Pit Mine in Arizona Fig. 14-13, p. 357

  48. Area Strip Mining in Wyoming Fig. 14-14, p. 357

  49. Natural Capital Degradation: Contour Strip Mining Fig. 14-15, p. 358

  50. Undisturbed land Overburden Highwall Coal seam Overburden Pit Bench Coal seam Spoil banks Fig. 14-15, p. 358

More Related