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The Evolution of the Federal Reserve’s Term Auction Facility and Community Bank Utilization

The Evolution of the Federal Reserve’s Term Auction Facility and Community Bank Utilization. Kyle Allen, Scott Hein, and Matthew Whitledge. Disclaimer: As a researcher I come with a lot of baggage.

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The Evolution of the Federal Reserve’s Term Auction Facility and Community Bank Utilization

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  1. The Evolution of the Federal Reserve’s Term Auction Facility and Community Bank Utilization Kyle Allen, Scott Hein, and Matthew Whitledge

  2. Disclaimer: As a researcher I come with a lot of baggage • I like community bankers. Some of my good friends are either community bankers or themselves like community bankers. • I believe the community bank business model is different from what large banks do and is viable in the future. Relationship banking and using soft information amongst other matters means community banks are different. • To the extent the financial crisis entailed banks, it was the large banks, nor community banks. Community banks suffered “collateral damage” in the financial crisis, but those that would misstep failed. • I don’t think the Federal Reserve and many other banking regulators fully understand how different community banks are. • I don’t like the academic use of asset size as the sole gauge of identifying community banks.

  3. Overview of Paper • Community Bank Identification • Focus on business model and uniqueness of community banks • Use the FDIC’s broader identification of community banks method, going beyond simple asset size identification method. Distinguish between “community banks” and all others, “non-community banks” • Federal Reserve’s Term Auction Facility (TAF) Evolution -- 3 changes implemented by the Fed: • Decrease in minimum bid amount • Introduction of longer term loans • Increase total auction amount to $150 billion, morphs system from lending freely at a penalty rate to lending at potentially below market rates • Results • Fed was not oblivious to community bank utilization of TAF • Most important change was increase in total auction amount, October 2008 • Community banks were less likely to participate, especially early in TAF’s existence

  4. Community Bank Identification • Alternative measures, asset size as the sole identifier • Typically it is $1 billion in total assets • Federal Reserve uses $10 billion in total assets • Conference of State Bank Supervisors recent concern about floating definition • FDIC (2012) measure, provides a superior means of community bank identification • Business focus • $1 billion in total assets, adjusted for inflation • Geographic, branch, and deposit/branch limit • Improvements • Focuses beyond simple asset size; Community Bank attributes and business model

  5. Term Auction Facility • Purpose • Designed to “promote the efficient dissemination of liquidity when the unsecured interbank markets are under stress” • Process • Auctions every two weeks, total auction offering amount was announced by Fed and known in advance. Like discount window borrowing, borrowers had to post acceptable collateral. • Each bank could submit up to two bids per auction • Bids contain loan amount requested and rate borrower was willing to pay • Bids awarded from the highest to lowest rate, until all funds allocated, with stated minimum bid announced • Available to institutions in “generally sound financial condition” • Can borrow up to a total of 10% of the total auction amount • Dutch auction, all winning bidding banks pay the same rate

  6. Additional TAF Research • Analyzed within small and large Banks, mainly focused on financial position of borrowing banks and how they used the funds • Berger, Black, Bouwman, and Dlugosz (2014) • Privately-held institutions borrowed twice as much when scaled • Cyree, Griffiths, and Winters (2014) • Foreign banks were the largest borrowers • Benmelech (2012) • Borrowers willing to pay more for TAF than Discount Window, early on in TAF, see this as evidence of a stigma associated with discount window borrowing • Armantier, Ghysels, Sarkar, and Shrader (2011)

  7. Timeline of the Fed’s Term Auction Facility March 11, 2010 The Federal Reserve extends the last loan for the TAF August 14, 2008 The Federal Reserve offers 84 day loans for the first time December 12, 2007 The Federal Reserve establishes Term Auction Facility (1) (2) (3) (4) February 14, 2008 The Federal Reserve lowers minimum bid size from $10 million to $5 million October 9, 2008 The Federal Reserve raises total offering amount to $150 billion

  8. Number of Loans extended in Different Sub-periods, mainly large (>$5m) loans, accepting smaller bids after Feb. 14, 2008, Change #1

  9. Maturity Break-down of # of TAF Loans, Introduction of Longer-term Loans, August 14, 2008, Change # 2

  10. Marked Increase in Total Offering Amount, after the fact no longer lending at a penalty rate, Change #3, the Big Change, October 9, 2008

  11. Community vs. Non-Community Bank TAF Utilization

  12. Bank Utilization: Probit Model Estimation, Likelihood of TAF Utilization

  13. Conclusions • The Federal Reserve adjusted the program guidelines as the crisis evolved. They seemed to recognize early on they weren’t serving community banks, with reduction in size of minimum bid amount. • Still, either program constraints, or lack of need, limited community banks’ ability to borrow in the first half of TAF program. • Community banks didn’t fully take advantage of the program in the latter half, even when monies were relatively inexpensively priced. Community banks did increase use, but funds were very inexpensive.

  14. References Armantier, O., E. Ghysels, A. Sarkar, and J. Shrader, 2011. Stigma in financial market: Evidence from liquidity auctions and discount window borrowing during the crisis (No. 483). Staff Report, Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Benmelech, Efraim, 2012. An Empirical Analysis of the Fed's Term Auction Facility. No. w18304. National Bureau of Economic Research. Berger, A., L. Black, C. Bouwman, and J. Dlugosz, 2014. The Federal Reserve’s Discount Window and TAF Programs: “Pushing on a String?” Working Paper. Cyree, Ken, Mark Griffiths, and Drew Winters, 2014. TAF: Wall Street Bailout or Main Street Funding?Working Paper. FDIC Community Banking Study, 2012. Retrieved September, 2013, from http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/resources/cbi/report/cbi-full.pdf. Federal Reserve, Term Auction Facility Questions and Answers (FRB: Frequently asked questions (revised January 12, 2009)).

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