Answer: (B) IV, I, III, II

1. Arrange these events in their proper time order:I. Abraham Lincoln introduces the spot resolutions in Congress.II. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican War.III. The Oregon Treaty is approved.IV. Texas is annexed by the U.S.(A) I, II, III, IV(B) IV, III, I, II(C) III, IV, I, II(D) IV, I, III, II(E) III, I, II, III

2. Answer:  (B) IV, I, III, II Explanation: IV. Texas is annexed by the U.S. (1845);  III. The Oregon Treaty is approved. (1846);  I. Abraham Lincoln introduces the spot resolutions in Congress. (1847).  II. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican War. (1848).

3. Cartoon mocking Irish-Americans Which of the following political parties of the 1840s and 1850s was strongly anti-immigrant and limited its membership to Anglo-Saxon Protestants?(A) Free Soil (B) Whig (C) Republican (D) Know-Nothing(E) Liberty

4. Answer:  (D) Know-Nothing Explanation: The Know-Nothings, strongly anti-German and anti-Irish, received their nickname from the practice of members to say "I know nothing" about their group if non-members asked them about it. They joined former Whigs in 1854 to form the American Party. Their platform in the 1856 presidential election included lengthening the period for naturalization to 21 years, restricting public school teacher positions and public offices to Protestants and mandating daily Bible readings in public schools. 

5. 1860 political cartoon about the Kansas-Nebraska ActUncle Sam: "Right! Columbia, give it to him, for he deserves it; give it to Steven till he cries..."Columbia: "You have been a bad boy, Steve, ever since you had anything to do with that Nebraska Bill and have made a great deal of trouble in the family, and now I'll pay you for it"Douglas: "No! Please let me free and I'll never do it again!" Which of the following statements about the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act is not accurate?(A) it repealed the Missouri Compromise's restriction on slavery north of the 36°30' line(B) it was proposed by Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas(C) its passage helped reduce tension in the Kansas region between pro- and anti-slavery forces(D) it was based on the concept of popular sovereignty, which stated that a territory's voters should decide on slavery's fate(E) opponents of the bill helped form the Republican Party

6. (C) its passage helped reduce tension in the Kansas region between pro- and anti-slavery forces Explanation: The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed residents of the Kansas and Nebraska territories to select or reject slavery, thus overturning the restriction on slavery's expansion in the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Proposed by Stephen Douglas, it led to the first set of Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1854, the creation of the Republican Party by opponents, and an increase in violence in Kansas as pro- and anti-slavery forces poured into the region.

7. Which of the following statements about the American economy in the 1850s is/are true?I. The market for northeast manufacturers expanded both domestically and internationally.II. The California gold rush added as much as $50 million a year in gold to the economy each year.III. As the plantation system spread, the U.S. supplied most of the world's cotton.IV. Western agriculture experienced growth with the expansion of railroads and the opening of European markets.V. Protective tariffs climbed steeply during the decade to reach their highest levels since the nation's founding.(A) I, II, and IV only(B) I, II, and III only(C) I, III, IV and V only(D) I, II, III, and IV only(E) all of the statements are true

8. Answer:  (D) I, II, III, and IV only Explanation: The 1850s  witnessed tremendous growth in the American economy. Foreign and domestic markets expanded for both manufactured goods and  agricultural products with the spread of railroads and the introduction of clipper ships to Europe. By 1860, the U.S. supplied 7/8 of the world's cotton as the plantation system, while morally reprehensible, was economically productive. The gold rush added capital to the economy and spurred western migration.  Tariffs, however, which had been a huge issue of contention between the pro-tariff North and anti-tariff South during earlier decades, declined to their lowest level since their implementation in the Federalist Era.

9. Civil War railroad-based cannons Which two battles, occurring in the same week of 1863, proved to be significant victories for Union forces in the western and eastern theaters of the Civil War?(A) Petersburg and Atlanta(B) Bull Run and Antietam(C) Vicksburg and Gettysburg(D) Chickamauga and Gettysburg(E) Ft. Henry and Fredericksburg

10. (C) Vicksburg and Gettysburg Explanation:  In July 1863 the Union achieved victories at both Vicksburg, Mississippi and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Confederate city on the Mississippi River fell to Gen. Grant's forces after a long siege and Robert E. Lee's Confederate army retreated from Gettysburg after making its farthest advance north.

11. Abraham Lincoln faced a number of difficult problems during his presidency. Which of the following was not one of them? (A) criticism from members of his Cabinet(B) a commanding general, George McClellan, who was reluctant to commit large numbers of troops when engaging the enemy(C) an emotionally unstable wife who allowed spiritualists to conduct seances in the White House following the death of their son(D) opposition in Congress to proposed tariff legislation(E) pressure from abolitonist newspaper publishers who criticized his moral and military leadership

12. (D) opposition in Congress to proposed tariff legislation Explanation: Lincoln's Cabinet was comprised of several men who thought they were better suited to be president than he was. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton wrote former President James Buchanan in 1861:"The imbecility of this Administration, culminated in that catastrophe (Bull Run), and irretrievable misfortune and national disgrace never to be forgotten are to be added to the ruin of all peaceful pursuits and national bankruptcy, as the result of Mr. Lincoln's `running the machine' for five months." McClellan frequently refused Lincoln's urging to attack and once complained that the army's horses were tired, causing Lincoln to ask: "I have just read your dispatch about sore-tongued and fatigued horses. Will you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigues anything? " Mary Todd Lincoln became increasingly unstable following the death of their son Willie. Newspapers frequently criticized Lincoln for not adopting a harsher attitude towards the South. The secession of Southern states removed much of the political opposition to Republicans in Congress and tariffs passed easily during the Civil War.

13. Which of the following domestic developments in the North did not occur during the Civil War?(A) the Homestead Act provided 160 acres of land virtually free to any citizen willing to occupy it for five years (B) the Morrill Land Grant Act helped the financing of public colleges (C) the National Bank Act created a national banking system(D) Treasury notes known as greenbacks were issued and fluctuated in value in relation to the success of Union armies(E) the transcontinental railroad was completed at Promontory, Utah

14. (E) the transcontinental railroad was completed at Promontory, Utah Explanation: The Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad construction crews met at Promontory, Utah in 1869. All of the other events occurred between 1861 and 1865.

15. President Lincoln, while wanting to issue the Emancipation Proclamation in the summer of 1862, also wanted it to be issued following a victory so it did not appear to be a move of desperation. While not a clear-cut victory, which of the following particularly brutal 1862 battles provided Lincoln with an opportunity to issue the Proclamation which took effect on January 1, 1863.(A) Antietam (Sharpsburg)(B) Atlanta(C) Chattanooga(D) Petersburg(E) Second battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

16. (A) Antietam (Sharpsburg) Explanation: At Antietam Creek in Maryland,  Gen. George McClellan engaged Gen. Robert E. Lee in  a battle resulting in more casualties (23,000) than all previous American wars combined. Lee retreated to Virginia and Lincoln followed shortly after with his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.

17. Which of the following is the most accurate description of  General Grant's tactics in his battles against General Lee?(A) capturing Richmond in a single dramatic strike against Lee's troops(B) keeping steady pressure on Lee even while sustaining huge losses(C) patiently waiting for Gen. Sherman to arrive in Virginia following his victories in Georgia(D) avoiding engagement with Lee's forces whenever possible(E) Grant and Lee never faced each other in battle

18. (B) keeping steady pressure on Lee even while sustaining huge losses Explanation: Gen. Grant absorbed huge losses in his forces in several encounters with Lee in Virginia, yet he refused to retreat. When critics suggested Pres. Lincoln remove Grant, he responded " 'I can't spare this man; he fights."

19. The New York City riots in the summer of 1863, which necessitated Union troops to be called out to quell the disturbance, were primarily caused by(A) the decision to use African-American troops(B) the Union policy of conscription(C) the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation(D) Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus(E) frustration with the slow progress of the Civil War

20. (B) the Union policy of conscription Explanation: The signing of the Enrollment Act in 1863 which drafted Northern men into the Union army and Pres. Lincoln's call for 300,000 more troops led to widespread rioting in July 1863 in New York City. The draft bill was particularly resented by the working poor, as a $300 commutation fee could excuse a man from being drafted. Roaming gangs, often composed of Irish immigrants, terrorized blacks, burned down a black orphanage and church, and caused death and destruction. Troops were sent to put down the uprising and remained in New York City for several weeks.

21. In which of the following speeches did President Lincoln promise "with malice toward none, with charity for all"?(A) Cooper Union (B) First Inaugural(C) signing ceremony of the Emancipation Proclamation(D) Gettysburg Address(E) Second Inaugural

22. (E) Second Inaugural Explanation: After a difficult summer of little military progress and doubts about his ability to win re-election in 1864, Lincoln scored a major victory over George McClellan in the November election. Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address in March 1864 was perhaps his finest speech. Rather than adopting a vindictive or boastful tone, Lincoln humbly reached out to the nearly-defeated South, while at the same time labeling slavery for the evil that it was. The brief address concludes with:Yet, if God wills that it (the Civil War) continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether"With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.

23. One of the most influential of the abolitionist agitators of the antebellum period published a newspaper, The Liberator, and wrote on the issue of slavery "I will be as harsh as truth, and uncompromising as justice... I am in earnest, I will not equivocate, I will not excuse, I will not retreat a single inch, and I will be heard." (A) Lewis Tappan(B) John Brown(C) Elijah P. Lovejoy(D) William Lloyd Garrison(E) Frederick Douglass

24. (D) William Lloyd Garrison Explanation:,Garrison publishedthe Liberator beginning in 1831. He was a consistent and ferocious opponent of any compromise with slavery. The last issue was produced in 1866 when he declared "The object for which the Liberator was commenced—the extermination of chattel slavery—having been gloriously consummated."

25. Which of the following statements about manifest destiny are accurate?I. Journalist John O'Sullivan first used the term in an essay in 1845 in which he encouraged the U.S. to annex Texas.II. It referred to specific territories that President James K. Polk intended to add to the U.S.III. Its philosophical base included the concept of American exceptionalism.IV. It is usually associated with the era from 1865-1900.V. Its concepts were generally opposed by Whigs such as Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln who favored development of America's economy.(A) I and V only(B) II, III, and IV only(C) I, III, and V only(D) III, IV, and V only(E) I, IV, and V only

26. (C) I, III, and V only Explanation: First referred to in principle by O'Sullivan in 1839, manifest destiny was first identified in his 1845 essay "Annexation." While not referring to specific territories, it did rely on the spirit of American exceptionalism. It is usually associated with the years from 1812-1860. It was favored by Democrats such as Polk but usually opposed by Whigs who encouraged bolstering America's internal economy.

27. During the first half of the nineteenth century, which of the following was true of cotton's impact?    (A)   the internal slave trade declined in importance    (B)   the importation of slaves from other countries increased dramatically    (C)   the price of slaves decreased    (D)  Southern agriculture became more diversified    (E)   the demand for slaves increased

28. (E)   the demand for slaves increased Explanation:The cotton culture of the South proved to be immensely profitable in the first half of the 1800s. Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793 enabled farmers to greatly increase their acreage. At the same time, demand for cotton around the world grew tremendously. In 1800, the U.S. exported 37 million pounds of cotton. In 1850, it exported 1 billion pounds of cotton.

29. Four of the following statements about the Emancipation Proclamation are true. Which one is not?    (A) it did not apply to slaves in the border states    (B) it changed the goals of the North in the Civil War from being just about preserving the Union to also include ending slavery    (C) it was viewed with ridicule by Confederate President Jefferson Davis who in response declared that all blacks living in the North were now slaves    (D) slaves throughout the South were set free when it went into effect on January 1st, 1863    (E) it had a diplomatic impact, as England and France would now be supporting a slave power if they aided the Confederacy

30.    (D) slaves throughout the South were set free when it went into effect on January 1st, 1863 Explanation:In fact, very few slaves were actually freed immediately by the Emancipation Proclamation. But it had a powerful motivational force to blacks both in the North and South and to abolitionists who had long vowed to fight to end slavery. Lincoln's Proclamation, issued after the inconclusive battle of Antietam in September 1862, changed the basis of the Civil War by now including the elimination of slavery as one of the North's goals. It also neutralized European nations who were tempted to aid the Confederacy, for to do so would put them on the side of slavery. Lincoln omitted the border states which had remained in the Union but kept slavery.

31. Why did non-slaveholding southerners support the slave system?    (A)    some hoped to be slaveholders    (B)    they readily accepted the racist assumptions of slavery    (C)    they feared what freed slaves might do    (D)    as long as slaves were in the social order, poor whites were not at the bottom of the social pyramid    (E)    all of the above

32.   (E)    all of the above Slaveholders were at the peak of Southern society, both economically and socially. The inferiority of blacks was assumed almost universally. There had long been fear of slave uprisings. Finally, the position of slaves at the bottom of Southern society gave a sense of  status to poor whites.

33. Which of the following characterizes General Sherman's reason for pursuing a policy of mass destruction as he moved his army through the state of Georgia in 1864?    (A)    the South had pursued similar tactics near Gettysburg in 1863     (B)    President Lincoln had ordered him to use these tactics     (C)    he had lost complete control of discipline in his troops    (D)    he wanted to break the South's will to fight    (E)    he was a sadistic and cruel person

34. (D)    he wanted to break the South's will to fight Explanation:Sherman's 300-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah cut a wide swath of destruction through Georgia and earned him hatred throughout the South. The "scorched earth" policy he  adopted resulted in burned cotton, killed livestock, "Sherman's Neckties" (railroad rails heated and twisted around trees), and demoralized  Southerners.

35. Which of the following statements about the use of black troops during the Civil War is not true?       (A) both the Union and the Confederacy utilized black troops, though the South only did so in the last desperate days of the war       (B) many white Union soldiers resented the concept of blacks being paid the same as whites       (C) when Union troops approached slave regions in the South, slaves often ran to join the Union lines       (D) black soldiers fought heroically when given the chance, particularly at the battle of Fort Wagner in 1863       (E) in his first inaugural address in 1861, President Lincoln promised abolitionists that all-black regiments would be used to defeat the Confederacy

36. (E) in his first inaugural address in 1861, President Lincoln promised abolitionists that all-black regiments would be used to defeat the Confederacy Explanation:While under pressure from abolitionist groups and free blacks in the north to take a more aggressive stance against slavery by arming black troops, Lincoln did not take this step until after the Emancipation Proclamation took effect on January 1st, 1863. Lincoln feared that alienating the border states might drive them into supporting the Confederacy. All of the other statements are true.