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Projective Personality Tests

Projective Personality Tests. Projective Personality Tests. Based on PROJECTIVE HYPOTHESIS: when people attempt to understand an ambiguous or vague stimulus their interpretation of that stimulus relfect their needs, feelings, experiences, prior conditioning, thought processes

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Projective Personality Tests

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  1. Projective Personality Tests

  2. Projective Personality Tests • Based on PROJECTIVE HYPOTHESIS: • when people attempt to understand an ambiguous or vague stimulus their interpretation of that stimulus relfect their needs, feelings, experiences, prior conditioning, thought processes • Ambiguous stimuli that have been used include: • Ink blots (Rorschach) • Ambiguous pictures (Thematic Apperception Test) • Sentence stems

  3. Popularity of Projective Tests

  4. The Rorschach Inkblot Test • use of inkblots to assess personality functioning proposed by Binet in 1916 • Rorschach was first person to use them to identify psychological disorders • began his inverstigations around 1911 • “Psychodiagnostik” 1921 • died in 1922 at age of 36

  5. History of the Test • initially unenthusiastic response to book • David Levy brought test to US from Europe • his student, Samuel J. Beck, wrote a no. of books about the test, & helped popularize it until his death in 1980 • others who popularized it were Marguerite Hertz, Bruno Klopfer, Zygmunt Piotrowski & David Rapaport • became extremely popular • WLU library holds about 20 books on Rorschach • there is an annual international conference just on the Rorschach

  6. Test Stimuli • inkblots formed by dropping ink on piece of paper & folding it • Rorschach selected 10 from thousands of inkblots he experimented with: • five black & gray; • 2 black, grey & red; • 3 different colours

  7. Administration of Test • examiner hands card to subjects & asks “what might this be” • examiner keeps a verbatim record of responses to each card, reaction time & duration of responses, position in which cards are held, spontaneous remarks, emotional expressions • each card administered twice • free association • inquiry • during inquiry, tester attempts to ascertain what in the inkblot made person see what he/she saw

  8. What might this be?

  9. Scoring

  10. Scoring Systems • Content analysis • Exner’s scoring system

  11. Reliability & Validity • Reliability using Exner’s scoring system is reasonably high (.61 to .74), but many do not consider this to be adequate • Poor as a diagnostic tool: no relationship with • psychopathology • conduct disorder • antisocial personality • depression • PTSD • anxiety disorder • antisocial personality etc., etc., etc.

  12. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • introduced by Christiana Morgan & Henry Murray in 1935 as a method to explore unconscious thoughts and fantasies • based on Murray’s theory of needs • test material administered to any one subject consists of 10 or 12 cards, chosen from 31 available (1 of these being blank)

  13. Administration Procedure • “I am going to show you some pictures. I want you to tell me a story about each picture. Tell me what led up to the story, what is happening, what the characters are thinking and feeling, and what the outcome will be”

  14. Scoring • HERO: • character with whom subject seems to have identified • traits of hero: superiority, intelligence, loneliness • NEEDS of the hero: • using Murray’s formulation – includes achievement, agression, nurturance • scored on an intensity scale from one to five • PRESS (environmental forces that interfere with or facilitate satisfaction of various needs) • e.g., aggression, in which hero’s property or possessions are destroyed; dominance, where hero is exposed to commands; rejection, where hero is rejected, ignored

  15. Scoring (continued) • OUTCOMES • amount of hardship, frustration experienced • degree of success, failure • usually inferred from the way in which respondents wind up their stories • THEMES • interplay of the hero’s needs, press, and unsuccessful or successful resolution of conflicts, constitute a theme • they represent need-press combinations • when reviewing totality of response, question is “what issues, conflicts, or dilemmas are of the greatest concern to the respondent?”

  16. Reliability & Validity • mixed results for reliability and validity • better for specific scoring protocols, such as achievement motivation

  17. Other Projective Tests • Blacky Pictures • Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test • Draw-a-Person Test • Word Association Test • Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank

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