Understanding Vision: Colors, Brightness, and Perception

1. VISION HUE • 1) ________: the dimension of visual experience specified by color names • The sun produces white light and, sometimes moisture in the air act like a prism (RAINBOW)

2. VISION BRIGHTNESS • 2) __________________: lightness or luminance; the dimension of visual experience related to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object • The more light an object reflects, the brighter it appears • Yellows appear brighter than reds and blues when their reflective qualities are identical

3. BRIGHTNESS ILLUSION

6. VISION • 3) SATURATION: the dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light AKA ________________ The more saturated, the more PURE WHITE light = NO SATURATION COLORFULNESS

7. THE EYE • ____________: -Part of the brain - Acts as a movie screen to invert images RETINA

9. Functions of the Eye • CORNEA –Protects the eye • LENS - Focuses light from objects that are close by or far away • IRIS - Gives your eyes their color • PUPIL - Dilates and contracts to control levels of light

10. Retinal Receptors • There are 2 kinds of visual receptors located in your retina • 1) __________: Allow us to see color • THINK: CONES = COLOR • 2) __________:Allow us to see at night and to use peripheral vision but are NOT sensitive to color CONES RODS

11. Rods vs. Cones FOVEA YES NO

12. The Retina • A magnified image of cones and rods in the retina of a human eye

13. Are You Afraid of the Dark? DARK ADAPTATION • ____________________: the process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light • Cones adapt quickly (10 minutes or so) • Rods adapt slowly but are more sensitive

14. BEAR GRYLLS

15. How Do We See Colors? • There are 2 processes which account for our ability to see color • 1) ____________________ • AKA: Young Helmholtz Theory; • Occurs in the retina TRICHROMATIC THEORY

16. TRICHROMATIC THEORY • There are 3 basic types of cones in the retina • One responds to the color ________ • One responds to the color ________ • One responds to the color ________ • All other colors are formed from a combination of these three BLUE GREEN RED

17. COLOR BLIND OR COLOR DEFICIENT? • Is it possible to be completely color blind? _____, but it is ________ • Cones in the retina are absent or malfunction • Many species of animals are completely color blind RARE YES

18. COLOR DEFICIENCY • Most “colorblind” people are unable to differentiate _________ & ______ • In rarer cases, the opposite is true • Who does it affect? • 8% of white men • 5% of Asian men • 3% black and Native American men • It is VERY RARE in women RED GREEN

25. 2 THEORIES OF COLOR VISION OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY • 2) ______________________ • Opponent-Process cells and brain neurons respond to certain waves and are inhibited from firing by other waves

26. ANTAGONISTIC COLORS Cells that fire in response to a color stop firing when the color is removed and vice versa _____________________ = Antagonistic _____________________ = Antagonistic _____________________ = Antagonistic Red and Green Blue and Yellow Black and White

27. NEGATIVES and AFTERIMAGES FIRE • Cells that _______ in response to a color stop firing when the color is removed • Likewise, cell that were inhibited from firing, burst forth when the color is removed

28. NEGATIVES and AFTERIMAGES • THE RESULTS? • We see red images when we blink after staring at green objects • The cells that switch on or off to signal the presence of green, send the opposite signal (red) when the green is removed…and vice versa

29. AFTER IMAGE ILLUSIONS WOO HOO!

41. PERCEPTUAL TESTING AND DIAGNOSES PROJECTION TEST • ____________________: tests designed to reveal unconscious motives, feelings, and conflicts. • Usually consist of ambiguous _________, ___________, or _______ that the test taker interprets or completes PICTURES SENTENCES STORIES

42. PROJECTION TESTS • One of the most popular tests is the ________________________ • Devised by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 • 10 cards with _______________ abstract patterns • Originally formed by spilling ink on paper and folding the paper in half RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST SYMMETRICAL

43. RORSCHACH TEST • Test takers view the images and report what they see • Results are reviewed by clinicians and a diagnosis is handed down • EXAMPLE: Certain images, such as soft, comforting items or motherly images may depict someone who is overly dependent. IS THIS TEST RELIABLE?

44. SHORTCOMINGS OF THE RORSCHACH TEST SUBJECTIVE • Too _______________; different clinicians interpret scores differently • Low level of validity; they don’t measure what they truly should • Results may be greatly affected by __________, ___________, and various other factors HUNGER FATIGUE

45. PERCEPTION • Differentiating between stimuli is effortless, EXCEPT when they become difficult to comprehend • EXAMPLE: Words being spoken rapid-fire in a foreign language

46. DEPTH AND DISTANCE PERCEPTION • In order to judge the distance of objects, our eyes rely on _____________________. • BI = TWO, So they are cues that require the use of both eyes. • Help estimate objects UP TO ______ feet away. BINOCULAR CUES 50

47. BINOCULAR CUES RETINAL DISPARITY • ______________________:Your eyes receive different retinal images of the same object • EXAMPLE: Hold your pencil in front of you and view it with only one eye at a time.

48. DISTANCE AND DEPTH PERCEPTION • For objects FARTHER than 50 feet in distance, we use only ______________________ • Cues that depend only upon using one eye MONOCULAR CUES

49. MONOCULAR CUES • __________________: when 2 parallel lines appear to be coming together, they imply depth LINEAR PERSPECTIVE