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Exploring Basic Chemistry: Matter, Energy & Atoms

Understanding the fundamentals of chemistry, from the composition of matter to the structure of atoms and molecules. Discover the periodic table elements found in the human body and the types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together.

jillian-orr
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Exploring Basic Chemistry: Matter, Energy & Atoms

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  1. I. Basic Chemistry A. All living and nonliving things are composed of matter. B. Matter = Anything that occupies space and has mass. C. Matter may exist in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state. D. Energy = the capacity to do work, to put mass into motion

  2. E. All matter is composed of units called Elements. Elements = substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions. 112 Elements : 92 occur naturally Periodic Table symbols

  3. 26 elements found in the Human Body @96.1% of body’s mass composed of: Oxygen O Hydrogen H Carbon C Nitrogen N @ 2.5% of body’s mass is composed of: *Calcium Ca *Phosphorus P @1.4% Potassium K Sulfur S Sodium Na Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg Iron Fe

  4. > 0.01% = trace elements (12)  F. All Elements are made up of Atoms II. Structure of Atoms A. Consists of 2 Basic Parts 1. Nucleus 2. Electrons

  5.  B. Nucleus centrally located comprises most of the atomic mass contains protons ( + charge) neutrons (no charge)

  6. C. Electrons - charge orbit around nucleus number of electrons = number of protons therefore each atom is electrically neutral

  7.  D. Atomic Number = number of protons E. Mass Number = number of protons + number of neutrons F. Isotopes same atomic number different number of neutrons

  8. 8O16 8O17 III. Atoms and Molecules Most atoms form molecules Compounds = molecules that can be broken down into 2 or more different atoms.  Electrons of atoms actively participate in chemical reactions.

  9. Electron Shells 2(n2)  I 2e II 8e III (18) “Happy at 8” Atoms are stable when their outermost shell is full.

  10. To fill a shell atoms may: lose electrons gain electrons share electrons Inert atoms

  11. Atoms of a molecule are held together by chemical bonds. Three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Covalent Hydrogen 1. Ionic Bonds Ion = a charged particle

  12. Anion = negatively charged ion Cation = positively charged ion

  13. Ionic Bond = an attraction betweenatoms in which one atom gains electrons and another atom loses electrons. link

  14. 2. Covalent Bonds more common in living organisms when a covalent bond is formed: none of the atoms gain or lose electrons atoms share electrons Ex: H2 H : H H-H Single covalent bond

  15. Ex: O2  Double covalent bond

  16. Ex: N2 Triple covalent bond

  17. Carbon needs to share 4 pairs of electrons

  18. Other Combinations Two double bonds O = C = O CO2 One single bond and one triple bond HCN One double bond and two single bonds

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