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I. Basic Chemistry

I. Basic Chemistry. A. All living and nonliving things are composed of matter. B. Matter = Anything that occupies space and has mass. C. Matter may exist in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state.

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I. Basic Chemistry

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  1. I. Basic Chemistry A. All living and nonliving things are composed of matter. B. Matter = Anything that occupies space and has mass. C. Matter may exist in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state. D. Energy = the capacity to do work, to put mass into motion

  2. E. All matter is composed of units called Elements. Elements = substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions. 112 Elements : 92 occur naturally Periodic Table symbols

  3. 26 elements found in the Human Body @96.1% of body’s mass composed of: Oxygen O Hydrogen H Carbon C Nitrogen N @ 2.5% of body’s mass is composed of: *Calcium Ca *Phosphorus P @1.4% Potassium K Sulfur S Sodium Na Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg Iron Fe

  4. > 0.01% = trace elements (12)  F. All Elements are made up of Atoms II. Structure of Atoms A. Consists of 2 Basic Parts 1. Nucleus 2. Electrons

  5.  B. Nucleus centrally located comprises most of the atomic mass contains protons ( + charge) neutrons (no charge)

  6. C. Electrons - charge orbit around nucleus number of electrons = number of protons therefore each atom is electrically neutral

  7.  D. Atomic Number = number of protons E. Mass Number = number of protons + number of neutrons F. Isotopes same atomic number different number of neutrons

  8. 8O16 8O17 III. Atoms and Molecules Most atoms form molecules Compounds = molecules that can be broken down into 2 or more different atoms.  Electrons of atoms actively participate in chemical reactions.

  9. Electron Shells 2(n2)  I 2e II 8e III (18) “Happy at 8” Atoms are stable when their outermost shell is full.

  10. To fill a shell atoms may: lose electrons gain electrons share electrons Inert atoms

  11. Atoms of a molecule are held together by chemical bonds. Three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Covalent Hydrogen 1. Ionic Bonds Ion = a charged particle

  12. Anion = negatively charged ion Cation = positively charged ion

  13. Ionic Bond = an attraction betweenatoms in which one atom gains electrons and another atom loses electrons. link

  14. 2. Covalent Bonds more common in living organisms when a covalent bond is formed: none of the atoms gain or lose electrons atoms share electrons Ex: H2 H : H H-H Single covalent bond

  15. Ex: O2  Double covalent bond

  16. Ex: N2 Triple covalent bond

  17. Carbon needs to share 4 pairs of electrons

  18. Other Combinations Two double bonds O = C = O CO2 One single bond and one triple bond HCN One double bond and two single bonds

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