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The Rise of American Imperialism (1890-1915): Motivations and Consequences

Explore the dawn of American imperialism from 1890-1915, driven by military strength, thirst for new markets, and belief in cultural superiority. Discover key events like the acquisition of Alaska and Hawaii, the Spanish-American War, and the promotion and opposition of imperialism. Uncover the ideological justifications behind U.S. expansionist policies and their impact on global affairs.

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The Rise of American Imperialism (1890-1915): Motivations and Consequences

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  1. Goal 6 Part 1: US Imperialism 1890-1915

  2. Imperialism • 1. The policy in which a stronger nation extends their economic, political, and military control over a weaker territories • Dawn of American Imperialism - late 19th early 20th century • 2. Jingoism: extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy / supported by WAR!! • Imperialism / Jingoism – can be justified by (a) Social Darwinism “Survival of the Fittest” “Natural Selection / Law” (b) Manifest Destiny (Religion / God)

  3. 3 Main Goals of Imperialism • (1) Desire for military strength(Purpose: compete with rest of the world) • (2) Thirst for new markets(Purpose: America is experiencing overproduction, unemployment and economic depression *solution = foreign trade) • (3) Belief in cultural superiority(Purpose: responsibility of spreading Christianity AND “civilization”)

  4. Desire for Military Strength • U.S. wanted a stronger military **** Alfred T. Mahan **** - urged the government to build up the U.S. Naval power in order to “compete” with other countries - The Influence of Sea Power Upon History By: Alfred T. Mahan - leads to the creation of the “Great White Fleet” – represents the signs of America’s “growing” military power!

  5. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

  6. Teddy Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet • A worldwide CRUISE to project growing American military strength!

  7. (2) Thirst for New Markets • Why do we need new markets? • *Technology enabled factories to produce far more what citizens could consume or purchase (Overproduction) • Foreign trade could be seen as a solution to the problem of overproduction

  8. (3) Belief in Cultural Superiority • *Social Darwinism* • The Americans had the “responsibility” to “civilize” the rest of the world through Christianity and other aspects of American culture. • “White Man’s Burden”-ANGLO-SAXONISM • By: Rudyard Kipling, published in 1899 • Topic: It is the Anglo-Saxon’s “responsibility” to colonize other cultures and teach them / • Interpretation: RACIST-Condescending-Paternalistic!!!!!

  9. US AND BRITAIN WILL “CIVILIZE” THE “SAVAGES” OF THE WORLD!

  10. The U.S. Acquires Alaska • William Seward (Secretary of State) Arrangement: Seward wanted to purchase Alaska from RUSSIA for $7.2 million. • House of Rep. did not like it! Nickname: SEWARD’S FOLLY / SEWARD’S ICEBOX 1867 – Alaska was purchased! Why did we want it? Timber, minerals and oil eventually

  11. The U.S. “TAKES” Hawaii • 1867, The U.S. took over Midway Islands, north of Hawaiian islands • Hawaii: Economically important to U.S. • Stop there on our way to China *(trade) • U.S. convinces the Hawaiian culture to let them build “PEARL HARBOR” – the Kingdom’s best port! (refueling station for U.S.)

  12. End of the Hawaiian Monarchy • King Kalakaua was “strong armed” by America • KK was forced to amend their constitution and allow ONLY landowners to VOTE • KK died and his sister took over • *Queen Liliuokalani* • “HAWAII FOR HAWAIIANS” - wanted to remove the property-ownership qualification from voting rights in Hawaii

  13. Hawaiian Monarchy

  14. Reaction to Queen L’s decision • American revolution (U.S. TAKES HAWAII) • Leader: Sanford B Dole: (overthrew the Queen and established an American “protectorate” • Protectorate: a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power / nation. • President Cleveland directed the Queen to be “put back” onto her thrown! • Dole says no! (proves Pres. Cleveland was weak) • President Cleveland WILL NOT ANNNEX Hawaii unless the majority of Hawaiians VOTE for being part of America!!!

  15. President William McKinley • Wins the 1896 Presidential Election (after Cleveland) • (Remember: ran against William Jennings Bryan / bimetallism) • William McKinley “SUPPORTS” Imperialism!!! • Response: 1898, Congress and McKinley claimed Hawaii as an American territory (not allowing them to vote)Hawaii is annexed- 1898! • Hawaii becomes the 50th state in 1959

  16. Promotion and Opposition of Imperialism • Justifying / promoting Imperialism • Social Darwinism • Manifest Destiny • Desire to build up military strength • Thirst for new markets • Cultural Superiority Opposing Imperialism *Anti-Imperialism League • Death • Takes us away form morals and democracy • Job competition • Solving problems in other areas of world other than America

  17. Goal 6 Part 2 Spanish American War (1898) IMPERIALISM

  18. American Interest in Cuba • SPAIN owns the Philippines and Guam (Pacific) Cuba and Puerto Rico (Caribbean) • U.S. WANTS Cuba!!! 1st War for Cuban Independence • Cuban rebelled against Spain….U.S. sympathy went out toward Cubans! • Legacy: Cuban slavery was abolished! • U.S. Reaction: INVEST!!!!

  19. 2nd War for Cuban independence • Jose Marti (The Butcher) • A Cuban poet and journalist that deliberately destroyed American sugar cane mills and plantations • Why??? _____________________________ • CUBA LIBRE!!!!

  20. Spain’s Response to American intervention / Cuban Revolt • Spain sends Valeriano Weyler – to restore order in Cuba • Used barbed-wire concentration camps • Cubans could not receive aid / medical attention – nearly 300,000 people died

  21. 3 CAUSES OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR (1898) • Yellow Journalism (indirect) • De Lome Letter (indirect) • U.S.S. Maine explosion (Direct / MAIN) Territories that are ANNEXED through events of Spanish American War • Cuba (FREE) • The Philippines • Guam • Puerto Rico

  22. Headline Wars / Yellow Journalism • Yellow Journalism – introduced in the Spanish American War (1898) • The sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the news in order to lure and enrage readers • Example: Cuban children being thrown to sharks (1) William Randolph Hearst (2)Joseph Pulitzer -he helped get what built in NYC?

  23. A perfect example of the type of sensational-yellow journalism –here from a news paper-look at details –see all the American propaganda!

  24. Pulitzer (left) & Hearst (right) fight over the War

  25. YELLOW JOURNALISM • How long shall Cuban women be the victims of Spanish outrages and lie sobbing and bruised in loathsome prisons? • How long shall women passengers on vessels flying the American flag be unlawfully seized, stripped and searched by brutal, jeering Spanish officers, in violation of the laws of nations and of the honor of the U.S.? • How long shall American citizens, arbitrarily arrested while on peaceful and legitimate errands, be immured in foul Spanish prisons without trial? • How long shall the U.S. sit idle and indifferent within sound and hearing or rapine and murder? • HOW LONG? yellow journalism

  26. William Randolph Hearst • “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war” - William Randolph Hearst (Spanish American War) • Interpretation: as long as pictures are taken…Hearst will write outrageous stories to support a war between Spain and the U.S.

  27. De Lome Letter • Written by a Spanish minister • Cuban rebel (intercepted) the letter and put it in the hands of the Americans • Topics: President McKinley and America were WEAK! De Lome apologized, but America got really angry!

  28. The U.S.S. Maine EXPLODES!!!! • ***** THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR (1898) ***** • President McKinley sent the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring home American diplomats (Havana Harbor) • Feb 15, 1898…the U.S.S. Maine EXPLODED, killing 260 Americans

  29. U.S.S. Maine Explosion

  30. Yellow Press YELLOW JOURNALISM • USS Maine---260 US sailors killed • Spain accused of blowing up the Maine….. • Polarized Americans to support the war against Spain. • Hearst was heard to say, “Supply me with pictures and I’ll give you a war”.

  31. War Erupts between Spain and America • U.S. battle cry for U.S intervention in Cuba / against Spain = “Remember the Maine” Congress declares war and its on! What caused the Spanish American War DIRECTLY…INDIRECTLY??? War in the Philippines: - First battle of the Spanish American War (Not Cuba, like Spain expected!)

  32. War in the Philippines • FIRST BATTLE OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR • Leader: George Dewey • U.S. gained support by the Filipinos – oppressed by Spain and wanted freedom! End of the War in the Philippines: • Manila: Philippine Capital, Spain surrendered…. Now we need to go to Cuba!

  33. SP War in Pacific

  34. ***Rough Riders*** (in Cuba!) • A volunteer Calvary in the Spanish American War led by TEDDY ROOSEVELT: Most famous Rough Rider / Proved himself…later to become President in 1900 -1908 • Rough Riders: landed in Cuba, 1898, Port of Santiago • Famous Rough Rider Battles: Kettle Hill & San Juan Hill • Result: Spanish surrender!...

  35. SP War in Caribbean

  36. Roosevelt’s Rough Riders

  37. TREATY OF PARIS (August 12, 1898) • ENDED the Spanish American War!!! • Armistice, cease fire agreement! • Other war that ended with an Armistice? • Secretary of State JOHN HAY called the Spanish American War a *** “SPLENDID LITTLE WAR” *** - lasted only 16 weeks! *** Important result of the Spanish American War = America emerged as a “World Power!”

  38. Treaty of Paris ends S/A war • December 10, 1898..Spain and America meet in Paris to discuss an “armistice-cease fire” • Results: • Cuba = FREE • Guam = Owned by America • Philippines = Purchased by America • Puerto Rico = Owned by America

  39. Cartoon-Sp & US War • Spanish and American War was referred to as a “Splendid Little War” • Cost of war in terms of loss of life and money was minimal • US became a world power as a result of this war. • Gained the following areas: • Philippines • Guam • Puerto Rico

  40. Debate over Treaty of Paris / Imperialism • Support: 3 goals and others….. • Non-Support: • Booker T. Washington – “lets solve American issues first!” • Samuel Gompers – “Filipinos will come over and compete for jobs” Anti-Imperialistic League– against imperialism because it abandoned American ideas of democracy / imperialism is racially and corruptly driven / imp. = death! Ex. Andrew Carnegie & Mark Twain

  41. EXPANSION ARGUMENTS • FOR EXPANSION • Keep up with European nations • Desire for prestige • Theory of racial superiority • Provide market for surplus goods and investments • AGAINST EXPANSION • America’s vastness provided enough of an outlet for the country’s energies • America should not rule over other peoples • Anti-Imperialist League • Mark Twain • Andrew Carnegie • Susan B. Anthony • Imperialists • Theodore Roosevelt • William Mckinley • William Randolph Hearst • Joseph Pulitzer

  42. Cartoon-US Expansion1 EXPANSION ARGUMENTS US goal was always expansion

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