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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Cardiac Emergencies. Cardiac Emergencies Objectives. Identify the common cause of a heart attack List signs and symptoms of a heart attack Identify the care for a heart attack Recognize the primary signs of cardiac arrest Describe the purpose of CPR Be able to perform CPR

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Cardiac Emergencies

  2. Cardiac EmergenciesObjectives • Identify the common cause of a heart attack • List signs and symptoms of a heart attack • Identify the care for a heart attack • Recognize the primary signs of cardiac arrest • Describe the purpose of CPR • Be able to perform CPR • List conditions in which a rescuer may stop CPR

  3. Heart Attack Like all living tissue, the cells of the heart need a continuous supply of oxygen. The coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood. If the heart is deprived of this blood, it dies. If enough of the muscle dies, the heart cannot circulate blood effectively, causing a heart attack. A heart attack interferes with the heart’s electrical and mechanical systems. This interference may result in an irregular heartbeat, which may prevent blood from circulating effectively. http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/f5.html

  4. Common Cause of a Heart attack A Heart attack is usually the result of cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease). • This is the leading cause of death for adults over 44 years of age in the U.S. • 70 million Americans suffer from this. • 1 million deaths annually/500,000 are due to heart attacks • Cardiovascular disease develops slowly. Fatty deposits of cholesterol and other material may gradually build up on the inner walls of the arteries.

  5. Signs and Symptoms • Persistent chest pain or discomfort, sometimes confused with indigestion, (a muscle spasms) • Heart burn to unbearable crushing pain • Breathes noisily, short of breath, faster than normal • Skin = ashen, pale, bluish - profuse sweating • Nausea/vomit http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/b1.html

  6. Care for a Heart attack • Recognize the signs and symptoms of a heart attack • Call EMS • Convince the victim to stop activity and rest • Help the victim rest comfortably • Comfort victim • Assist the victim with medication, if prescribed (Nitroglycerin - vasodilator) • Be prepared to give CPR if the victim’s heart stops beating. * Additional Note (Updated 2016): Aspirin has been found to significantly decrease mortality due to heart attacks. While waiting for EMS, the first aid provider may encourage a person with chest pain to take aspirin if the signs/symptoms suggest that the person is having a heart attack.

  7. Cardiac Arrest/Common Causes Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to generate a pulse and blood cannot be circulated. • Cardiovascular disease is the most common. • Drowning, suffocation, and certain drugs can cause breathing to stop, which will soon lead to cardiac arrest. • Severe injuries to the chest or severe blood loss can also cause the heart to stop. • Electrocution disrupts the heart’s electrical activity • Stroke or other types of brain damage can also stop the heart

  8. Cardiac Chain of Survival • The greatest chance of survival from cardiac arrest occurs when the following sequence of events happens: • Early Recognition • Early CPR • Early Defibrillation • Early Advanced care http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/j10.html

  9. Purpose of CPR A victim who is not breathing and has no pulse is said to be clinically dead. However, the cells of the brain and other vital organs will continue to live for a short period of time until oxygen is depleted. This victim needs cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Without CPR, the brain will begin to die within 4 to 6 minutes. This irreversible damage caused by brain cell death is known as biological death.

  10. CPR • If a person is in cardiac arrest, they are unconscious, not breathing and show no other signs of life. • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can help circulate blood that contains oxygen to vital organs by combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths.

  11. CPR Adult • Give cycles of 30 chest compressions with 2 rescue breaths. • Position hands in the center of the chest over the breastbone • Position the shoulders over the hands • Compress the chest smoothly to a depth of at least 2 inches (avoid compressing the chest greater than 2.4 inches) • Give 2 rescue breaths • Updated 2016: compressions should now be delivered at a range of 100-120 per minute • Continue CPR until: • Scene becomes unsafe • You find signs of life • An AED is ready • You are too exhausted to continue • Another trained responder arrives and takes over. http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/b2.html

  12. CPR Child • After checking for signs of life, give 2 initial rescue breath before starting compressions. • Give cycles of 30 chest compressions with 2 rescue breaths. • Position hands in the center of the chest over the breastbone • Position the shoulders over the hands • Compress the chest smoothly to a depth of about 2 inches 30 times in about 18 seconds • Give 2 rescue breaths • Updated 2016: Compressions should now be delivered at a range of 100-120 per minute • Continue CPR until: • Scene becomes unsafe • You find signs of life • An AED is ready • You are too exhausted to continue • Another trained responder arrives and takes over.

  13. CPR Infant • After checking for signs of life, give 2 initial rescue breath before starting compressions. • Give cycles of 30 chest compressions with 2 rescue breaths. • Position 2 or 3 fingers in center of the infant’s chest and the other hand on the forehead to maintain an open airway • Compress the chest smoothly to a depth of about 1 ½ inches 30 times in about 18 seconds • Give 2 rescue breaths • Updated 2016: Compressions should now be delivered at a range of 100-120 per minute • Continue CPR until: • Scene becomes unsafe • You find signs of life • An AED is ready • You are too exhausted to continue • Another trained responder arrives and takes over. http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/b4.html

  14. Do Not Stop CPR unless: • You see an obvious sign of life such as breathing. • An AED is ready to use. • Another trained responder or EMS personnel take over. • You are too exhausted to continue. • The scene becomes unsafe.

  15. AED Basics

  16. Automated External Defibrillator An AED is a portable electronic device than analyzes the heart’s electrical rhythm and if necessary prompts you to deliver a shock to a person in sudden cardiac arrest. If a person is unconscious and not breathing, use an AED as soon as available in conjunction with CPR

  17. http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/j15.html AEDs can help the heart re-establish an effective rhythm by delivering a shock that disrupts the chaotic electrical activity of the heart long enough for the heart to establish an effective rhythm on its own. AEDs are simple and save to use when the manufacturer’s instructions are followed. The sooner an AED is used and CPR is performed, the more likely the person will survive. AEDs can be used on anyone in cardiac arrest, including children and infants.

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