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(Parentheses) and Dashes—. Parentheses. Used to enclose material that is supplementary or explanatory Note: When parentheses come within a sentence, do not begin with a capital letter, even if it is a sentence itself. Use commas a semicolons just as they would be used in any sentence
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Parentheses • Used to enclose material that is supplementary or explanatory • Note: • When parentheses come within a sentence, do not begin with a capital letter, even if it is a sentence itself. • Use commas a semicolons just as they would be used in any sentence • If the material within the parentheses is a question or an exclamation, put the punctuation within the parentheses • I smiled (who would have done otherwise?) and said, “Goodbye.” • Parenthetical material that is not in the body of the sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period or other piece of punctuation. • We hurried home the next day. (It was only too true that the river had risen.) We were ruined.
Parentheses 2. Enclose within parentheses references to tables, diagrams, etc. • The cost of living (see Chart III) has risen slowly but surely. 3. Use parentheses to enclose figures or letters used in enumerations. • The threatened species—and all other wildlife—have four main values for man: (1) beauty, (2) economic value, (3) scientific value, and (4) survival value.
The Dash • Used to indicate an interruption • Formed by making (--) • Use sparingly • Use the dash to show an interruption in thought in transcribed speech. • The chemistry student began to say, “An organic solvent will only work with—” when her phone rang.
The Dash 2. Use the dash to substitute for “it is,” “they are,” or similar expressions. • Like colons, but not used for lists of multiple items • There was only one person suited to the job—Mr. Lee. 3. Use the dash to substitute for parentheses when you want to add more emphasis. • Mr. Lee is suited to the job—he has more experience than everybody else in the department—but he has been having some difficulties at home recently, and would probably not be available.
The Dash 4. Use dashes to set off an appositive or a parenthetical element that is internally punctuated. • Her roommates—Carolyn, Haley, and Alli—are all buying monogrammed shirts.
