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1. THE CIVIL WAR

   The Union Dissolves Chapter 11 Section 1
2. Crittenden Compromise As a last ditch compromise, Sen. Crittenden proposed drawing the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. Lincoln rejected this since it would expand slavery
3. Confederate States The South was excited about forming their new country They held rallies and shot off fireworks.
4. Secession
5. Southern Secession Lincoln believed that it was illegal to secede from the Union If a state had to apply for admittance, he thought states should also have to ask for permission to leave.
6. Fort Sumter Located at the mouth of the Charleston harbor, the South wanted to keep this strategic fort Lincoln would not allow the South to take federal property
7. Fort Sumter When the fort ran low of supplies, Lincoln alerted the SC governor that unarmed supply ships would be entering the port Confederate soldiers fired upon the fort for 34 hours.
8. Fort Sumter Union Major Anderson surrendered on April 14, 1861 Lincoln asked the Union states to provide troops They were asked to enlist for just 3 months
9. Choosing Sides Southern states that had not yet seceded had to decide what to do Virginia actually split in two Once war broke out, many men had to decide for which cause to fight Families separated over the war
10. 9+ million incl 3.5 million slaves Few factories 9,000 miles of track Trained leaders Little money Fighting on own land Defensive war 22 million people 85% manufacturing 22,000 miles of track Lacked generals Many resources Supplies carried into enemy territory Advantages/Disadvantages South North
11. Pig iron in VA only 110,000 workers 1,800 factories Few firearms 20 X’s more pig iron 1,300,000 workers 110,000 factories 32 X’s firearms Advantages/Disadvantages South North
12. Resources of the North and South
13. Robert E. Lee Perhaps the biggest southern advantage was Gen. Robert E. Lee Asked by Lincoln to lead the Union Army, Lee refused to “turn his back on his home, Virginia”
14. Filling the Ranks At the beginning of the war in 1861, the Northern Army more than twice as large as the Southern Army Men had to pledge that they were over the age of 18 to fight, but boys as young as 9 acted as drummer boys
15. Filling the Ranks The South enacted legislation to prevent large landowners from leaving their plantations (and slaves) to fight. This left most of the ranks filled with poor farmers.
16. Strategies The South took their cue from the success of the American Revolution and chose to fight a defensive war, wearing the North down until they gave up. Stars and Bars
17. Strategies The North had a 3 pronged approach called the Anaconda Plan: Block southern ports to all imports/exports Control the Mississippi River splitting the confederacy in two Take Richmond, the confederate capital
18. Anaconda Plan
19. 1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas Most Civil War battles are called by 2 different names The North named the battle after the nearest river The South named the battle after the nearest town The first battle of the war was near the town of Manassas and Bull Run River
20. 1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas The North (in blue) and South (in grey) met on a clearing in northern Virginia Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson routed the Yankee army, causing them to run in fear They trampled picnickers who had gathered to watch the battle.
21. 1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas Northern troops, according to legend, commented that Gen. Jackson sat upon his horse like a ‘stone wall” The nickname stuck The southern victory assured the South that this would be a quick war fought against inferior troops They were wrong on both accounts
22. 1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas The first civilian casualty occurred at Bull Run. Judith Henry, was killed by a cannon ball as she laid in bed
23. 1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas Wilmer McClean’s home was on the battlefield at Bull Run He wanted to get away from the warfare and moved to a small town in southern Virginia, Appomattox Court House
24. Union Leadership Lincoln chose Irwin McDowell to lead the Union’s Army of the Potomac. He was replaced 3 days after his defeat at Bull Run with Gen. George McClellan
25. Union Leadership McClellan meets Gen, R. E. Lee at the Peninsular Campaign His was nicknamed “the Creeper” because he was so hesitant to attack, always fearing he was out-numbered
26. Union Leadership After 5 months of fighting, McClellan withdrew even though he out-numbered and out-powered the confederate army One of his men found Lee’s plans wrapped around some cigars. He had the plans for the next battle at Antietam Creek
27. Antietam Creek Even with the plans, McClellan’s hesitancy costs him the battle He could never break through Confederate lines It was the bloodiest single day of the Civil war with about 22,000 dead and wounded.
28. Victory in the West While the North was losing badly in the east, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was winning decisive victories along the Mississippi River. After the battle at Ft. Henry he earned the nickname of Unconditional Surrender because he refused to speak of terms of surrender with the South
29. Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing The South surprised Union troops at Shiloh on April 6, 1862 Their rebel yell was eerie As they ran in retreat, they met Union reinforcements Under Gen. Grant, they regrouped It ended in a draw with almost 25,000 casualties in the 2 day battle.
30. Admiral Farragut As part of the Anaconda Plan, Gen. Farragut took the navy up the mouth of the Mississippi River He took New Orleans and Baton Rouge, cutting the Confederacy in half.
31. 1861-1862
32. Filling the Ranks The North allowed Blacks to enlist but did not allow them to fight By 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation, pressure was on to allow Black units to train and fight. They were killed in greater numbers and paid less for their efforts
33. Filling the Ranks Wealthy people, in both North and South, could pay a substitute to take their place in the Army. Conscription, forced service, was first used in the South. The North began conscription in 1862
34. Filling the Ranks Slaves could not help the southern army fight but were used for manual labor. The Civil War was called, “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”
35. Filling the Ranks Conscription was so resisted in the North, riots broke out It became especially violent after the Emancipation Proclamation.
36. Fillingthe Ranks Desertion was a common problem on both sides, with over 300,000 soldiers leaving their troops Because states offered a signing bonus, many men enlisted, deserted, enlisted someplace else, deserted,…
37. Filling the Ranks By the end of the war, the South was so short of men they openly enlisted young boys.
38. Filling the Ranks Women could not openly enlist but some disguised themselves as men and fought the entire war. Others became spies, nurses, and cooks
39. Filling the Ranks Elizabeth Blackwell, America’s first female physician, helped run the US Sanitary Commission Clara Barton tended to the wounded and founded the American Red Cross.
40. Filling the Ranks Although hundreds of men and women tended to the sick and injured, more soldiers died from illness and infection than of battle wounds.
41. Filling the Ranks More often, women took over men’s civilian jobs while they were gone to war.
42. Generals of the Army of the Potomac Irwin McDowell 1861 George McClellan 1861 John Pope 1861 George McClellan 1862 Ambrose Burnside 1862 Ulysses S. Grant 1863-1865

43. The Civil War

    Politics of War Chapter 11 Section 2
44. Britain’s Neutrality The South was depending on Britain and/or France to come to their aid and renew the cotton trade Britain found other sources for cotton and stockpiled surpluses before the war began
45. Britain’s Neutrality Food crops, wheat and corn from the North, had replaced cotton as America’s most important exports For these reasons, Britain chose to remain neutral in the war between the states.
46. Trent Affair Shortly after the war began, the Confederates (Rebels) sent 2 diplomats to Britain to ask for their support James Mason and John Slidell traveled on the British ship, Trent The Union warship, San Jacinto, stopped and boarded the Trent
47. Trent Affair Mason and Slidell were arrested Britain took this as an act of war and moved troops to Canada for a possible war with the Union Lincoln averted war by pardoning the men
48. Emancipation Lincoln’s original strategy did not involve freeing slaves After 1862, he realized that slaves aided the Southern cause by providing labor He used this to change the purpose of the war from preserving the Union to also freeing the slaves
49. Emancipation Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in the seceded states (not occupied or border states) It also prevented all European countries who had abolished slavery from aiding the South.
50. British cotton consumption increased but they did not rely on the South for production
51. Emancipation Lincoln did not want to issue the proclamation publicly until the North had a successful battle He used the Battle at Antietam (the bloodiest battle of the war) as his “win” It took effect Jan. 1, 1863
52. Emancipation Reaction Not everyone was happy with the decision to free the slaves. Northern Democrats thought it would make the war longer Some soldiers deserted, refusing to fight for this cause
53. Emancipation Reaction The South renewed their effort to save their way of life The Emancipation Proclamation had no effect on slaves Free northern blacks enlisted in the Union army, but served as laborers, not soldiers Slaves provided the same type of labor for the South
54. Lincoln Takes Charge Lincoln sent Union troops and occupied the border states from the beginning of the war He also suspended habeas corpus, legal authority to detain a person Confederate sympathizers in the North were arrested and telegrams were seized
55. Lincoln Takes Charge Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney said that Lincoln had overstepped his authority, but he continued to use his presidential powers to the fullest extent Setting a precedent, all wartime presidents have taken Lincoln’s lead to protect the American people
56. Copperheads Anti-war Democrats were called copperheads – a deadly, venomous snake
57. Conscription In 1862 and 1863 the Confederacy and the Union respectively instituted conscription, military draft The South recruited all able white men over 18 (17 by 1864 but they took even younger) Large slave holders and the wealthy did not serve
58. Conscription The South called it “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight” The Union recruited young men 20-45 although younger men enlisted Blacks, free and slave, were used as cooks, for construction and heavy labor
59. Conscription Both sides allowed wealthy men to pay commutation, Bonuses were paid for Union soldiers who enlisted, some enlisting numerous times, collecting the bonus money, deserting, and ‘enlisting’ again
60. Conscription In New York City the Irish rioted over conscription, burning an orphanage for black children 117 people were killed The Irish did not condone slavery but did not want the added competition for jobs
61. As 1862 Ends… The ironclads appear Both sides made ships made of iron, capable of repelling cannon balls and fire The Monitor, a new ship, fought the Merrimac, now called The Virginia, fought for 5 hours – tied The Merrimac was sunk to prevent it going into Northern hands

62. The Civil War

    Chapter 11 Section 3 Life During Wartime
63. Mary Chesnut Mary Chesnut’s diary is frequently referred to when researching civilian life during the Civil War.
64. Black Troops African American soldiers never fought for the South, but their slave labor was used by southern soldiers The North also used African American labor That changed after the Emancipation Proclamation.
65. Black Troops The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in the non-occupied states, which mean it freed none But it also meant that Blacks joined the northern army and fought against the South The South refused to return any Black prisoner - contraband
66. Black Troops Black troops fought in segregated units led by white officers They were paid less than white soldiers
67. Black Troops They died in greater numbers but not because they were assigned to more dangerous job. Working in close proximity to one another, they caught diseases They were more likely to be killed when captured rather than taken as prisoner/contraband
68. Fort Pillow Over 200 African American and some white soldiers were killed after they surrendered to Southern troops Nathan Bedford Forrest led the slaughter After the war he and others form the Ku Klux Klan
69. Fort Pillow Over 200 African American and some white soldiers were killed after they surrendered to Southern troops Nathan Bedford Forrest led the slaughter After the war he and others form the Ku Klux Klan
70. Slave Resistance As northern troops neared plantations, the slaves gained strength and Broke tools Joined the troops Neglected the livestock
71. War Affects the Economy The South began to run out of men, food and supplies not soon after the war began They printed so much currency that it had little value The Northern blockade effectively stopped Southern trade with Europe
72. War Affects the Economy Most of the fighting took place in the Shenandoah Valley, the Southern food production area Lee took his troops to Gettysburg, PA to try to shift the damage to northern states during the growing season. He failed
73. Why Printing Money is Bad Currency, as paper, has no value Generally we accept the face value on currency to be worth something If more paper is printed, we want more of it for goods Inflation occurs when there is too much money in the economy
74. Shortages of Everything Some Southerners traded with the North Cotton and food supplies exchanged hands
75. Northern Economy The North suffered but not nearly as bad as the South Inflation was worse in the North – 80% by the end of the war Industries that supplied the military boomed Machinery took the place of workers drafted into the GAR
76. Women in the Workplace Women took on many of the jobs and duties of the men who left to fight They were paid less, one of many ways business owners made tremendous profits during the war Northerners paid the first income tax to pay for the war
77. Soldiers Suffer Soldiers’ rations included hardtack, beans, bacon fat and, if lucky, a few bones from which to suck the marrow They had ticks, lice, dysentery, and diarrhea on a regular basis due to poor hygiene
78. Medical Care A doctor’s kit looked more like it would be more useful in a episode of Home Make Over
79. Medical Care Body wounds were ignored and the person was left to die “Good” surgeons could remove a limb in 1 minute They usually used ether to sedate the patient
80. Medical Care Scalpels, saws and pliers were the doctors’ main tools
81. Medical Care Once soldier’s received care, the worst was to come Not knowing about germs and bacteria, doctors and nurses regularly examined wounds without washing between patients Gangrene, staph and other infections passed from man to man
82. Medical Care Surgery was usually done outdoors
83. Medical Care For every soldier that died on the battlefield, 2 died in the wartime hospitals Women served the military as nurses Clara Barton, founder of the Red Cross, and Sally Tompkins helped improve medical care
84. Medical Care Many men did not think it appropriate for women to see men in such poor condition Dorthea Dix required that all nurses be plain looking and be at least 30 years old
85. Prisoners Until the Union began using black soldiers, both sides regularly exchanged soldiers rather than keep them in camps When the Confederacy refused to swap black soldiers, the North stopped the exchange program Neither side was equipped to keep thousands of prisoners
86. Prison Camps Both sides treated their captives terribly Ft. Delaware and Elmira prisons in the North and Libby and Andersonville prisons in the South saw mortality rates over 25% Poor nutrition and poor hygiene led to scurvy, dysentery and other fatal diseases
87. Prison Camps Union camp at Point Lookout, MD Built to hold 10,000, it had almost 50,000 Confederate troops 4,000 died
88. Andersonville Prison, GA Henry Wirz was placed in charge of the camp at Andersonville Built to handle 10,000, it eventually had over 33,000 prisoners Their only water was a stream which ran through where the horses grazed, filled with manure
89. Andersonville Prison, GA There were no buildings to house prisoners, only tents and lean-tos Guards, some as young as 12, surrounded the camp on watchtowers Anyone who got near the fence, the dead zone, was shot immediately
90. Andersonville Prison, GA Although he camp was operational for less than a year, over 12,000 died
91. Andersonville Prison Survivors were transferred from the camp to other camps in the South
92. Andersonville Prison The Commandant, Henry Wirz, was tried for war crimes in 1865 The North really wanted him to provide information about Gen. Lee and Pres. Davis He did not
93. Andersonville Prison Wirz was hung in Washington DC After his death, he was treated as a martyr

94. The Civil War

    Chapter 11 Section 4 The North Takes Charge
95. 1863 In 1863, the war shifted in favor of the North Gen. Grant leads Army of the Potomac Important victories in the East Total war South will not receive help from Europe War of attrition
96. Chancellorsville As Lee’s troops moved to northern Virginia, Stonewall Jackson stopped for 9 days to visit his wife and infant daughter He would be dead in 3 weeks by his own men Statue of Jackson at Bull Run Gravesite of Jackson

97. The Civil War

    Chapter 11 Section 5 The Legacy of War
98. The War Ends With the end of the war changes will affect The economy Social structure Labor market Politics Technology
99. Political Changes The federal government assumed control over the seceded states and no state has seceded again The war increased the power of the federal government and the president
100. Political Changes The war increased the power of the federal government and the president Income tax Suspending habeas corpus Regulated currency – paper Conscription requirement
101. Economic Changes The federal government took additional responsibility for subsidizing railroads National Bank Act, 1863, which chartered banks, set requirements for loans and required banks to be inspected
102. Economic Changes Conscription caused a labor shortage in the North, filled by machines Northern industries had to re-focus to compete in a peacetime economy
103. Economic Changes The South lost its labor force and trading partners Since most of the fighting took place in the South, land was destroyed, livestock wiped-out and their railroads
104. Economic Changes The economic gap between North and South was wider than before the war began 1860 – the South controlled 30% of the nation’s wealth 1870 – the South controlled 12% of the nation’s wealth
105. Economic Changes
106. Economic Changes No part of society was untouched
107. Societal Changes Slavery is over Congress passed the 13th Amendment outlawing slavery Matthew Brady chronicled the war with hundreds of photos, beginning photojournalism
108. Societal Changes Jefferson Davis was arrested, tried and found not guilty He lived to be an old man Lee lost his family home when Montgomery Meigs turned it into Arlington National Cemetery
109. Societal Changes Lee went on to become the president of Washington University, now Washington and Lee Clara Barton took her war experience and founded the Red Cross Grant was elected president in 1868.
110. Lincoln Assassinated Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd, went to Ford’s Theater to see “My American Cousin” John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head He died within hours
111. Lincoln Assassinated His body was taken by train to his gravesite in Springfield, IL
112. John Wilkes Booth Booth and conspirators were captured, tried and hung
113. Andrew Johnson This was the first time a vice president assumed the presidency because of death Johnson was sworn in as the country’s 17th president Lincoln’s plans for reconstruction die with him
114. Comparisons Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.
115. Comparisons The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters. Both were particularly concerned with civil rights. Both wives lost their children while living in the White House. Both Presidents were shot on a Friday.
116. Comparisons Both were shot in the head. Lincoln's secretary, Kennedy, warned him not to go to the theatre. Kennedy's secretary, Lincoln, warned him not to go to Dallas. Both were assassinated by Southerners.
117. Comparisons Both were succeeded by Southerners. Both successors were named Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.
118. Comparisons John Wilkes Booth was born in 1839. Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939. Both assassins were known by their three names. Both names are comprised of fifteen letters
119. Comparisons Booth ran from the theater and was caught in a warehouse. Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theater. Booth and Oswald were assassinated before their trials.
120. Comparisons Both successors were named Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908. Lincoln was shot in the Ford Theatre and Kennedy was shot while in a Ford Lincoln.
121. Chancellorsville Lee met Gen. Hooker at Chancellorsville, VA The North was outmaneuvered by Lee BTW – The term ‘hooker’ comes from the large number of women who followed Hooker from battle to battle – Hooker’s girls
122. Gettysburg Gen. Lee and Gen. A.P. Hill headed north for 2 reasons They wanted to divert the fighting from the Shenandoah Valley and Hill’s troops needed shoes They met Union troops, under Gen. Meade, at Gettysburg, PA
123. Gettysburg The 3 day battle was costly for both sides. Pickett’s Charge up Little Round Top was little better than a suicide mission After 3 days 23,000 Union casualties 28,000 Confederate casualties
124. Gettysburg Lee retreated, never to enter the North again The Union victory at Gettysburg was the turning point of the war They will continue to win important victories until the South capitulates
125. Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 Dead men and horses began to rot in the summer heat, drawing flies, rodents and other carrion The smell carried to the town of Gettysburg The towns’ women took on the task of burying the dead
126. Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 Southern soldiers were separated at buried in shallow graves away from town Union soldiers were divided by state and buried in a series of semi-circles
127. Gettysburg Address, Nov 1863 Lincoln came to dedicate the cemetery He was the 2nd speaker that day, speaking for only about 2 minutes
128. Gettysburg Address, Nov 1863 He used the speech to re-focus attention to the Declaration of Independence – “all men are created equal”
129. Siege of Vicksburg 1863 The summer of 1863 saw another important Union victory in the west, Vicksburg MS
130. Siege of Vicksburg 1863 Vicksburg is an overlook on the Mississippi River It was one of the last areas that prevented the Union from controlling the entire river and successfully dividing the South Grant laid siege to the town, firing into it for hours each day
131. Siege of Vicksburg 1863 The mostly women, elderly and children in the town sought refuge in the caves along the river Their food supply gone, they ate dogs, horses, mules and rats before surrendering the day after the victory at Gettysburg, July 4
132. Conditions in the South, 1863 The South was quickly running out of men, arms, food, uniforms and other necessary supplies They hoped that a long war would cause the North to stop fighting The Gettysburg Address made it very clear that the North was not giving up
133. Conditions in the South, 1863 Southerners were asked to grow food crops rather than cash crops Rebels deserted in greater numbers Jefferson Davis and the Confederate Constitution left little room to lead effectively
134. Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln, having gone 5 generals in 2 years, appointed Grant He fought a war of attrition – killing Southern soldiers that could not be replaced It meant that he also suffered from heavy losses
135. Ulysses S. Grant Grant confers with Gen. Meade
136. Gen. Sherman Grant appointed William Tecumseh Sherman to lead the Union Army in the deep South He believed in total war – attacking civilians since they supplied goods for the southern war effort
137. Grant v. Lee Grant’s war of attrition was devastating to the southern army Grant knew that he could replace each of his dead soldiers, the South could not
138. Sherman’s March to the Sea Gen. Sherman took his troops from Tennessee, through Atlanta, to Savannah His men burned a path up to 60 miles wide, burned crops, poisoned wells, killed livestock and turned railroad ties into “Sherman’s neckties”
139. Sherman’s March to the Sea Sherman sent news to Lincoln in December, 1864 that his Christmas gift to the president was the city of Savannah Then he turned north to help Grant defeat Lee
140. Election 1864 Democrats – Gen. McClellan Republicans – Pres. Lincoln Democrats were tired of war, the costs, and death Republicans looked for a candidate who would appeal to Democrats, Andrew Johnson
141. Election 1864 Johnson was a Southerner who never owned slaves He was raised extremely poor, resenting the planter class He looked down upon the slave class
142. Election 1864 Lincoln needed a few victories before the election or he felt he would lose. Sherman’s sacking of Atlanta and Farragut’s control of the Mississippi River accomplished that Absentee ballots from the Union army put Lincoln over the top
143. 1860 1865 The war took its toll on Lincoln
144. Appomattox Court House In April 1865, Lee knew he had no choice but to surrender His men begged him not to do this, but he replied that it would only kill them all if he continued to fight
145. Fall of Richmond Jefferson Davis set fire to Richmond to prevent Grant from occupying it
146. Appomattox Court House Lee said,“There is nothing left me to do but to go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.”April 9, 1865 Grant was generous with his terms of surrender, allowing the rebels to take their animals and personal items with them
147. Appomattox Court House The Union band played “Dixie” as the men marched away Wilmer McLean’s home in Appomattox Courthouse The surrender agreement was signed in his parlor