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Chemistry of Life

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  1. Chemistry of Life CARBOHYDRATES ( Organic Compound )

  2. CARBOHYDRATES • It consist of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). • Considered as the chief source of energy. • It includes sugar and starch.

  3. CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

  4. CARBOHYDRATES • Oligosaccharides consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides. • Polysaccharides consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis. • Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded differently. • Chitin is a polymer of two sugars repeating many times. What is Chitin?

  5. CARBOHYDRATES • Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis. • Disaccharides can be broken down by hydrolysis.

  6. Roles of Carbohydrates in the Body • It serve as the backbone of other molecules. • It serves as stored energy . • It is most common source of energy in the body. • It combines with protein to form structural components of living cells.

  7. Classification of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide - Simple sugars that consist of only one sugar molecule • Disaccharide – composed of two monosaccharide molecules • Polysaccharides – a complex form of carbohydrates that consist of 3 or more monosaccharide molecules

  8. CARBOHYDRATES • Monosaccharide - Glucose - Galactose - Fructose • Disaccharide - Sucrose - Maltose - Lactose • Polysaccharide - starch - Cellulose - glycogen - chitin

  9. MONOSACCHARIDES • Are building blocks of more complex forms of sugars • Common monosaccharide are; - glucose - galactose - fructose • C6H12O6 is the chemical formula of monosaccharides

  10. GLUCOSE • The most common monosaccharide • Known as dextrose or sugar in blood • Its an indispensable component of mammalian (invertebrate & vertebrate) blood • It easily dissolves in water & passes trough cell membrane

  11. GALACTOSE • A part of LACTOSE • Known as milk sugar • C6H12O6 is the chemical formula (same as glucose and fructose) but with different structure

  12. FRUCTOSE • It is the sweetest sugar (10x than lactose) • Known as the corn sugar or fruit sugar • Found in fruits such as atis, melon, and ripe mangoes

  13. DISACCHARIDES • Formed when 2 monosaccharide molecules bond together chemically • C12H22O11 is the chemical formula of double sugar

  14. DEHYDRATION SYSNTHESIS • The removal of water molecule when combining two monosaccharide (simple sugars).

  15. HYDROLYSIS • It is a chemical reaction in which a disaccharide reacts with water to form monosaccharide (simple sugar).

  16. Processes of forming and breaking downdisaccharides

  17. SUCROSE • It is formed when glucose and fructose are combined chemically. • Known as the common table salt. • It is soluble in water but too big to enter the cell.

  18. LACTOSE • Known as milk sugar. • Composed of glucose + galactose, which is synthesized in the mammary gland. • The more lactose a milk contains, the sweeter it is.

  19. MALTOSE • Known as malt sugar • It is a raw material in making beer.

  20. POLYSACCHARIDES • A long chain of simple sugar also known as complex carbohydrates.

  21. STARCH • It is the stored carbohydrate in plants. • It is made up of several glucose.

  22. GLYCOGEN • It is the stored carbohydrates in animals. • It is the source of our reserve energy. • If animals could not store glycogen, they would be eating every minute. • Improper utilization of glycogen will result to genetic ailments and other diseases.

  23. CELLULOSE • It is an insoluble carbohydrates abundant in the wall of plant cells. • It is hard to digest by humans; thus it serves as fiber that provides roughage. • High-fiber diet help reduce the risk of having constipation, hemorrhoids and colon/rectal cancer and can speed up the transit of stool to lower intestine and out of the body.

  24. CHITIN • It is a long, unbrached chain of polysaccharide. • It is the 2nd most abundant organic compound. • It forms part of the exoskeleton of insects, arachnids and crustaceans for their protection.

  25. Side effects of Carbohydrates • Excessive carbohydrates can cause an increase in total caloric intake, causing obesity and pancreatic cancer in women. • Deficient carbohydrates can cause a lack of calories (malnutrition) or excessive intake of fat to make up the calories. • Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets contribute to hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia.

  26. CARBOHYDRATES

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