Chemistry of Life

1. Chemistry of Life MCAS Review

2. Inorganic Chemistry

3. Types of Bonds

4. Ionic – Electron Transferred

5. Covalent – Electron Shared

6. Van der Waals Forces (oppositely charged regions )

7. Properties of Water #1Polarity • Water molecules have a slightly negative charge near the oxygen atom and a slightly positive charge around the hydrogen atom.

8. Properties of Water #2 Universal Solvent • Water dissolves more substances than sulfuric acid because of its polar characteristic. It can surround molecules of a substance and pull it apart.

9. Properties of Water #3 Cohesion • Water is attracted to other water. This is called cohesion.

10. Properties of Water #4 Adhesion • Water can also be attracted to other materials. This is called adhesion.

11. Properties of Water #5 Density • Ice is less dense than water which is why it floats. It expands as it freezes Fish can live in water during winter

12. Properties of Water • Surface Tension • Cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water causes the water to pull itself into a shape with the smallest amount of surface area (sphere). • Surface tension allows water striders to 'skate' across the top of a pond. (Cohesion)

13. Properties of Water • Capillary Action • Adhesive properties of water. Placing a straw into a glass of water, it 'climbs' up the straw. Molecules are attracted to the straw molecules (adhesion). When one water molecule moves, the other water molecules follow (cohesion) • Capillary action is limited by gravity and the size of the straw. Plants take advantage of capillary action to pull water into the roots.

14. Cohesion or Adhesion?

16. Define Organic! • Compounds that contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other elements; typically: hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon atoms.

17. Carbon Importance of Carbon (C) # C is in all living Things # C is necessary for ALL life # C can bond with other C; giving it the ability to form long chains or rings Macromolecules AKA= “Giant Molecules” # Made from 100’s to 1000’s of smaller molecules # Smaller molecules are called “monomers” # Monomer + Monomer = Polymer # Polymers are formed by a process called polymerization

18. CHNOPS • The six most common elements that make up biological organisms are: Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

19. Categories of Organic Molecles

20. Carbohydrate (Hydrated Carbon)

21. Lipids (Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids)Saturated / Unsaturated

22. Protein (Polymers of Amino Acids)

23. Nucleic Acid (Phosphate, Sugar, Base aka Pool, House and Barn)

24. 4 Groups of Organic Compounds

25. Where do we get these molecules? • From our Food!!!

26. Enzymes

27. Enzymes = Catalysts that speed up reactions in our body Enzymes have a specific job – each fits like a lock and key with its specific substrate Enzymes

28. How Enzymes Work Four steps in the process of an enzyme working. 1. An enzyme and a substrate (the biological molecule that the enzyme will attack) are in the same area. 2. The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the active site which is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is the keyhole of the lock. 3. A process called catalysis happens which is when the substrate is changed ( broken down or combined to make something new)4. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no longer the same and is now called the product.

29. Can you stop them???? • Good question! • There are many factors that can regulate enzyme activity, including temperature, activators, pH levels, and inhibitors.

30. pH Scale

31. MCAS Review Questions

32. 1. Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?

33. 1. Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions? D. The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.

34. Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar.Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage in the lemur? • A.lipids • B.monosaccharides • C.nucleic acids • D.proteins

35. Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar.Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage in the lemur? • A.lipids

36. 3. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type • A.carbohydrate • B.protein • C.fatty acid • D.nucleic acid

37. 3. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type • B.protein

38. 4. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant. Which of the following elements will be most abundant in the sample? • A.zinc and copper • B.sodium and chlorine • C.carbon and hydrogen • D.magnesium and calcium

39. 4. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant. Which of the following elements will be most abundant in the sample? • C.carbon and hydrogen

40. Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants. Proteases are which of the following types of molecules? • A.enzymes  • B.fatty acids • C.hormones  • D.monosaccharides

41. Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants. Proteases are which of the following types of molecules? • A.enzymes 

42. 6. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. Which of the following best describesthe molecular structure of ovalbumin? • A.a group of six carbon atoms joined in a ring • B.a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule • C.a set of three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol • D.a sequence of nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone

43. 6. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. Which of the following best describesthe molecular structure of ovalbumin? • B.a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule

44. 7. When lactose is digested by the human body, each lactose molecule is brokendown into smaller molecules. To which of the following categories of moleculesdo these smaller molecules belong? • A.amino acids • B.monosaccharides • C.nucleic acids • D.polypeptides

45. 7. When lactose is digested by the human body, each lactose molecule is brokendown into smaller molecules. To which of the following categories of moleculesdo these smaller molecules belong? • B.monosaccharides

46. 8. A diagram of an organic molecule is belowWhich element is found at the positions marked by the dots (•) in the molecule? • A.carbon • B.nitrogen • C.phosphorus • D.sulfur

47. 8. A diagram of an organic molecule is belowWhich element is found at the positions marked by the dots (•) in the molecule? • A.carbon

48. 9. Students in a biology laboratory are monitoring the rate at which hydrogen peroxide breaks down to produce water and oxygen gas. They begin monitoring a sample of hydrogen peroxide and then add catalase, an enzyme that speeds up its breakdown. Their data are shown in the table below. • Time Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown(molecules per min)0.00.000        0.50.030        1.00.032        1.54,970,000.000        2.05,001,000.000        2.54,985,300.000        3.05,021,700.000        

49. Students in a biology laboratory are monitoring the rate at which hydrogen peroxide breaks down to produce water and oxygen gas. They begin monitoring a sample of hydrogen peroxide and then add catalase, an enzyme that speeds up its breakdown. Their data are shown in the table below.Based on the data in this table, during which of the following time periods did the students add the catalase to the hydrogen peroxide?A.between 0.0 and 0.5 minB.between 1.0 and 1.5 minC.between 2.0 and 2.5 minD.between 2.5 and 3.0 min • Time (min) Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown(mol/min) • 0.0 0.000         • 0.5 0.030 • 1.0 0.032 • 1.5 4,970,000.000 • 2.0 5,001,000.000 • 2.5 4,985,300.000 • 3.0 5,021,700.000

50. Students in a biology laboratory are monitoring the rate at which hydrogen peroxide breaks down to produce water and oxygen gas. They begin monitoring a sample of hydrogen peroxide and then add catalase, an enzyme that speeds up its breakdown. Their data are shown in the table below.Based on the data in this table, during which of the following time periods did the students add the catalase to the hydrogen peroxide?B.between 1.0 and 1.5 min • Time (min) Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown(mol/min) • 0.0 0.000         • 0.5 0.030 • 1.0 0.032 • 1.5 4,970,000.000 • 2.0 5,001,000.000 • 2.5 4,985,300.000 • 3.0 5,021,700.000