Chemistry of Life

1. Chemistry of Life The nutrients you need to be healthy.

2. Proteins Use in the Body • Enzymes - Speeds up chemical reactions • Hemoglobin - Holds oxygen in blood • Antibodies -Identifies and remembers viruses • Special structures Food Sources • Animal  Beef, Poultry, Fish, Eggs, & Milk • Plant Beans, Soy

3. Proteins:Enzymes(ends in –ase) • Enzymes are proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place QUICKLY inside a cell. • Enzymes always act upon a substrate (a molecule); such as a sugar. • For example, the substrate may be lactose and the enzyme acting upon it and breaking it down into glucose is lactase • Substrate = LactoseEnzyme = Lactase • Each enzyme has a • unique and specific 3-D shape. • This theory is called… • the lock and key model – there is only one type of substrate that will fit one type of enzyme (much like the pattern of a key and lock)

4. Proteins:Hemoglobin • Hemoglobin is a protein found in Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and this is what actually carries the oxygen found in blood • Four oxygen atoms can bond to each hemoglobin (one to each major subunit of hemoglobin) An RBC doesn’t have just one hemoglobin in it, it is filled with hemoglobin After water is taken out, nearly all that’s left over is hemoglobin O O O O

5. Proteins:Antibodies • Antibodies are made by white blood cells and aid the body’s immunity by identifying and “tagging” harmful bacteria and viruses (antigen) • Can stay in the body for years and “remember” antigens, this way your body is unaffected by them the second time • How can this idea apply to vaccines? Not you guys again!

6. Proteins: Special Structures • Collagen and keratin are structural proteins. Collagen holds the tissues together throughout the body and strengthens ligaments and tendons. • Keratin is a protein that toughens and waterproofs the skin. • Many hormones that regulate body functions are proteins. • The proteins actin and myosin permit our muscles to contract

7. Carbohydrates: Simple Sugar Molecules • 1-3 molecules long • Simple sugar molecules include: • Glucose (C6H12O6) • Fructose • Seen as part of high fructose corn syrup • Lactose • - “Milk Sugar” • - Made of glucose and galactose (another simple sugar)

8. Carbohydrates: Complex Sugar Molecules • Four or more sugar molecules long • Complex sugar molecule includes: • Amylose (5X glucose) • Plants store glucose in the form of amylose (aka starch)

9. Complex Sugar Molecules • After Chloroplasts produce individual molecules of glucose, the glucoses are linked to form a complex sugar molecule (aka - starch or amylose) • This starch is either stored in chloroplasts or broken down and exported to be used by the mitochondria Mitochondria Chloroplast • chloroplast Simple sugar

10. Lipids (Fats/Oils) Use in the Body • Stores energy (more than carbohydrates) • Protects AND insulates your internal organs • Needed for Cell Membranes Food Sources • Plant Oils – olive oil, canola oil, vegetable oil • Animal Fats – cream, butter, fatty meats

11. Lipids (Fats/Oils) The Cell Membrane (aka - phospholipid bilayer) The membrane that surrounds the cell is made up of lipids • Heads are hydrophilic (water loving) • Tails are hydrophobic (water fearing) In the cell membrane there are TWO phospholipid layers (as shown to the left)

12. Lipids (Fats) Which part of the phospholipid is the fat? The head or the tale?

13. Nucleic Acids Subunit = Nucleotides Use In Body DNA  Directs the cell’s activities  Tells the cell how to make a protein RNA  Copies the DNA code for proteins and brings it to the ribosome Food Source Since DNA is found in all living things, it is found in all food that we eat. It is more concentrated in animal products

14. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Use In Body Energy from food is transferred to ATP for all cell activities and reactions ATP is formed from ADP mainly in the mitochondria Food Source Found in all cells/ all food we eat. ATP Energy for the Cell