Humans and Water

1. Humans and Water Enviro 2 Go 6.3.2.1, 6.3.2.2, 6.3.2.4, 6.3.2.6

2. Humans and Water Objectives: • Explain why fresh water in one of Earth’s limited resources. • Describe the relationship between groundwater and surface water in a watershed. • Identify how water is used in homes, industry, and agriculture. • Describe water management practices. • Identify ways that water can be conserved. • Compare point source pollution and non-point source pollution. • Explain groundwater pollution. • Explain eutrophication

3. Important Vocabulary: Surface water Watershed Groundwater Aquifer Recharge zone Irrigation Canals Dams Desalination Point Source Pollution Non-point Source Pollution Runoff Eutrophication Thermal Pollution Wastewater Humans and Water

4. Global Water Distribution • 71% of the Earth’s surface is coveredwith water • 97% of Earth’s water is salt water • 77% of fresh water is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps

5. Surface Water • Freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands • Watershed – the area of land that is drained into a body of water

6. Groundwater • Most freshwater available for human use comes from groundwater • Groundwater is stored beneath the Earth’s surface in rock formations • Rain percolates through the soil and into the rock beneath it to recharge the groundwater supply

7. Aquifers • Aquifers are underground formations that contain groundwater • The water table is the upper boundary • Aquifers consist of rock, sand, and gravel that have spaces where water accumulates

8. Aquifers, cont. • Recharge zone – the area of the Earth’s surface where water percolates down into the aquifer • Well – a hole that is dug or drilled to reach groundwater

9. Ogallala Aquifer • One of the largest known aquifers in the world – holds about 4 quadrillion liters of water • Supplies about 1/3 of all groundwater used in the U.S. • Water is used for irrigation in the Midwest • Water is being withdrawn 10 – 40 times faster than it is replaced • Conservation methods are being promoted to protect the Ogallala Aquifer

10. REMEMBER THIS!!! • Only 3% of the world’s water is freshwater! • Most freshwater for human use comes from groundwater! • In some areas, water from aquifers is being withdrawn faster than it is being replaced!

11. Questions??? Question 1: What is the main source of water for human use? Question 2: The area of land drained by a river is known as a _______________. Question 3: What is the largest known aquifer in the U.S.?

12. Water Use and Management • Industrial 19% • Agricultural 67% • Residential 8% • Differs from one country to the next • U.S. uses more than other countries • Example: U.S. uses about 300 liters of water a day; India uses about 41 liters

13. Industrial Use • Used to: • Manufacture goods • Dispose of waste • Generate power/cool power plants Example: Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant pumps water from the Bay, carries the water through pipes to use during energy production before it is sent to a cooling tower, and then pumps it back into the Bay

14. Agricultural Use • Irrigation – method of providing plants with water from sources other than precipitation • Example: overhead sprinklers, water filled ditches • It can take nearly 300 L of water to produce one ear of corn • As much as 80% of the water usedevaporates and never reaches the roots

15. REMEMBER THIS!!! • The U.S. uses much more water than many other countries! • Agriculture uses the most water! • It takes hundreds of gallons to produce food because crops must be irrigated!

16. Water Management Projects • Canals, man-made rivers, supply water to dry areas • Dams • Positive Aspects include: • Creates Reservoirs; lake that forms behind the dam • can be used for recreational purposes • Controls flooding • Supplies potable (safe to drink) water • Generation of electricity • Drawbacks: impedes fish migration for spawning; fewer nutrients downstream;expensive to build

17. Water Conservation • Drip irrigation system – reduces evaporation • Recycling cooling water in power plants • Things you can do to conserve water: • Take shorter showers • Low-flow shower heads and toilets • Turn off water while brushing teeth • Wash only full loads of laundry • Water lawns late in the day to reduce evaporation

18. Solutions for the Future • Transporting water – ships tow enormous plastic bags full of fresh water to areas that don’t have a lot of fresh water • Desalination – process of removing salt from salt water • Both are expensive solutions • CONSERVATION

19. REMEMBER THIS!!! • Dams can be used to create electricity, provide recreation, potable water, and control flooding! • There are many simple things you can do to conserve water! • Water conservation is the best way to ensure that people have enough water in the future!

20. Questions??? • Question 4: What are the three major uses of water? Which uses the most water? • Question 5: List three benefits of a dam. • Question 6: List three ways you can conserve water.

21. Water Pollution . • Water Pollution may be chemical, physical, or biological agents that enter into water and degrades the water quality as well as adversely affects the organisms that depend on the water.

22. Point-Source Pollution • pollution discharged from a single source- you can POINT at the source Example: From a pipe Example: Smokestack Example: Tailpipe

23. Non-point Source Pollution - comes from many sources- often in the form of runoff

24. Groundwater Pollution • Pollutants enter groundwater when polluted water percolates down from the Earth’s surface • Saltwater can enter groundwater when water is removed from an aquifer

25. Eutrophication • Overabundance of nutrients builds up in the water causing algal blooms • SAV below dies due to lack of sunlight • Decomposers use up the oxygen in the water as they eat the SAV causing other aquatic organisms to suffocate and die • Process is accelerated with the addition of detergents (phosphorus) and fertilizers (phosphorus and nitrogen) – called “artificial eutrophication”

27. Other Water Pollutants • Thermal pollution – temperature of the water increases due to human activities • can change the ecosystem and kill aquatic organisms • Oil spills – responsible for only 5% of oil pollution in the oceans; most other oil pollution comes from non-point sources on land • Wastewater – water that contains waste from homes or industries

29. REMEMBER THIS!!! • Point Source pollution comes from a single source! • Non-point Source pollution comes from many sources in the form of runoff. • Saltwater can enter an aquifer from excessive pumping of groundwater! • Eutrophication may cause dead zones that are initiated by excessive nutrients being added to an aquatic ecosystem!

30. Questions??? Question 7: Describe point source pollution. Question 8: Provide an example of non-point source pollution. Question 9: Artificial eutrophication is caused by excess ___________________ and ________________. Question 10: Where does most oil pollution come from?

31. TEST YOURSELF:True or False ___ 1. Examples of groundwater are lakes and rivers. ___ 2. A watershed is the area of land that is drained by a river. ___ 3. Low-flow shower heads use excessive amounts of water. ___ 4. Runoff is an example of non-point source pollution. ___ 5. Artificial eutrophication is caused by excess runoff of phosphorus and nitrogen from detergents and fertilizers.

32. Test YourselfMatching • Underground storage facility for water composed of rocks and gravel • Process of removing salt from salt water • Caused by an abundance of nutrient in the water • Method of providing plants with water from sources other than precipitation. • Pollution from many sources • Pollution from one identifiable source • Water beneath the Earth’s surface ___ 1. Groundwater ___ 2. Aquifer ___ 3. Point source pollution ___ 4. Eutrophication ___ 5. Desalination ___ 6. Non-point source pollution ___ 7. Irrigation

33. Test YourselfFill in the Blank • Conserve Recharge zone Well • Phosphorus and nitrogen Fish migration Surface water • Eutrophication is caused by excess ________________________ in water. • The best way to ensure fresh water supplies for the future, is to _____________________ water. • The area of Earth’s surface where water percolates down into the aquifer is called the _________________________________________. • Groundwater is pumped to the surface through a hole that is dug or drilled, called a __________________. • Fresh water on Earth’s land surface is called _________________________. • One downfall of a dam is the interruption of_________________________ that interferes with the spawning of fish.

34. Test YourselfAnswer the Following • Where is most of the Earth’s freshwater found that humans use? • Describe how groundwater is brought to the Earth’s surface. • Why does it take so much water to grow one ear of corn? • What are possible solutions for the future to ensure that people have enough water? Why are we not using these solutions more?

35. Test YourselfAnswer the Following • What is the difference between point source and non-point source pollution? • How can saltwater enter groundwater supplies? • Describe the process of eutrophication.

36. THE END!!!