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WARMUP #1. Just before World War I, about one-third of all Americans were first- or second-generation immigrants. When the war broke out in Europe, many of these American citizens still felt very close to their “old countries.”
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WARMUP #1 Just before World War I, about one-third of all Americans were first- or second-generation immigrants. When the war broke out in Europe, many of these American citizens still felt very close to their “old countries.” Which ethnic groups in the United States might have favored the nations of the Central Powers? Why? Write 1-2 sentences explaining your answer. Which ethnic groups in the United States might have favored the nations of the Allied Powers? Why? Write 1-2 sentences explaining your answer.
Road to The Great War (World War I) John Green's WWI
Long Term Causes (M-A-I-N) 1. Militarism • the massive need to increase armies = bloody wars • conscription: military draft = armies doubled, 1890-1914 • most countries aggressively preparing for war because the perception of needing to look strong • military commanders had extensive plans for invasion (very inflexible with limited diplomatic options) • NEW weapons! Germany: machine guns, mustard gas, U-boats (submarines); Great Britain: tanks (vs. trenches) 2. Alliance System • by 1907, 2 major alliances in Europe: • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy • Triple Entente: Great Britain, France & Russia 3. Imperialism • competition over colonies = bitter rivalries 4. Nationalism • each nation should be able to govern itself = feelings of superiority & competition
The “SPARK” • Nations in Southeastern Europe (the Balkans) struggling: • to create own states (self-determination) • gain freedom from Ottoman Empire & Austria-Hungary • Serbia determined to create greater Slavic state • ethnic Serbs in other areas controlled by Austria-Hungary • Austria-Hungary determined to avoid this! • June 28th, 1914 • the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife (Sophie) visited Sarajevo (Bosnia) • assassinated by Gavrilo Princip of Serbian nationalistic group, the Black Hand • Austria-Hungary • checked with Germany & then gave ultimatum to Serbia • Serbia • rejected the demands…thus Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia! • Russia(sides with fellow Slavic nationalities) • mobilized (assembled troops & supplies for war) against both Austria-Hungary & Germany
Archduke Franz (& Sophie) FerdinandGavrilo Princip (Black Hand)
Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia 1. To suppress any publication which incites hatred and contempt of the Austrian Monarchy. 2.To dissolve immediately societies which engage in propaganda against Austria. 3.To eliminate without delay from public instruction in Serbia, both as regards the teaching body and the methods of instruction, all that serves or might serve to foment propaganda against Austria-Hungary. 4.To remove from the military service and the administration in general all officers guilty of propaganda against Austria-Hungary, names of which were to be provided by the Austro-Hungarian government. 5.To accept the collaboration in Serbia of the Austro-Hungarian government in the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the monarchy. 6.To take judicial proceedings against the accessories to the plot of June 28th who are on Serbian territory, with the help and direction of organs delegated by the Austro-Hungarian government. 7.To immediately arrest two named persons implicated by the preliminary investigation undertaken by Austria-Hungary. 8.To prevent by effective measures the cooperation of Serbia in the illicit traffic in arms and explosives across the frontier. 9.To furnish Austria-Hungary with explanations regarding statements from high Serbian officials both in Serbia and abroad, who have expressed hostility towards Austria-Hungary. 10.To notify Austria-Hungary without delay of the execution of the ultimatum!The Serbian government agreed to all but one stating that a foreign country can’t participation in its judicial proceedings it would be unconstitutional. Regardless, Austria-Hungary severed diplomacy (July 25) and declared war (July 28) through a telegram sent to the Serbia.
Germany’s Reaction • Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm II) declared war on Russia & France…putting the Von Schlieffen Plan (1905) into effect: 1) keep the Russians busy with small army 2) use most of the army to attack France via Belgium 3) once France was defeated, then attack Russia • when Germany moved through Belgium (a neutral nation), Great Britain declared war on Germany! • Central Powers • Germany, Austrian-Hungary & the Ottoman Empire • the empires in the center of Europe • Allied Powers • Great Britain, France & Russia
Germany is the 2 men,Austria-Hungary is the pig...interpret the meaning!
Early Fighting • August 1914: the GREAT WAR starts • Russia attacked with HUGE losses at the Battle of Tannenberg • mildly effective because distracted the Germans from France & Great Britain • the ironies of Wilhelm II & Nicholas II (Willy-Nicky) • France & Great Britain counterattacked at the First Battle of the Marne • both the Allied & Central Powers dug trenches • the Western Front(in Western Europe) • war stalemates!
WARMUP #2 On March 1, 1917, the text of a telegram was published in American newspapers. It was called the Zimmerman Telegram. This telegram made many readers angry. It helped make people more willing to consider war with Germany & the other Central Powers. Who wrote the Zimmerman Telegram? To whom was it addressed? What was the basic message of the telegram? What was the motive of the person (or nation) sending this message? Write 1 clear paragraph explaining your answer.
Trench Warfare • trenches: elaborate ditches dug by troops to stay out of enemy sight • separated by “no-man’s-land” with barbed wire, dead bodies, & the holes from bombs & grenades • soldiers suffered from trench foot & bad conditions • “shell shock” → PTSD • “over the top” orders:getting out of the trenches, running across “no-man’s-land” to attack the enemy trenches, while being fired upon by machine guns & having grenades launched at them!
War of Attrition • Italy (at first) on the side of the Central Powers, but switched to side with the Allied Powers (1915) • war of attrition: wear the other side down with constant attacks & heavy losses until they cannot recover & thus have to surrender • Battle of Verdun (France): best example of the war of attrition • 10 months (February to December 1916) • a few miles’ movement • 800,000 men died fighting • to pull Germany away from Verdun, Great Britain launched an attack at the Somme River, but the exact same results as at the Battle of Verdun • for three years (1914-1917), battle lines did not really move on the Western Front!
Technology in the War • poison gas (mustard gas) used, but backfired if the wind changed…outlawed at the Geneva Convention • gas masks developed to counter gas attacks • machine guns developed before the War, but military tactics had to change & adapt to accommodate them • tanks & armored cars developed, but unsteady & dangerous…used more effectively in WWII • submarines (U-Boats) used mostly by Germany to attack supply ships in the Atlantic Ocean headed to Great Britain or France • sinking of Lusitania (1915) outraged United States
Air War • airplanes developed…but used to see & drop bombs on enemy • machine guns were added to airplanes & they fought each other in the air (dogfights) • flying aces: pilots who shot down at least 5 planes in combat (the Red Baron: Germany) • Germany also used Zeppelins to bomb cities, but they were filled with hydrogen gas & thus, highly explosive
Home Front • total war:all parts of society involved in the war effort • Herbert Hoover: chosen to run U.S. Food Administration, to effectively ensure population had enough food grown to feed BOTH soldiers & civilians • propaganda: information designed to influence the opinions of the general public • George Creel: Committee on Public Information • Germans portrayed as Huns…& all German-related items were deemed as such (i.e. German measles = Hun measles) • with the overflow of men at War, women stepped into the workforce at factories: • made weapons, etc. • served as nurses on the battlefields • increased push for women’s suffrage • 19th Amendment in USA (1920, not long after war’s end)
WARMUP #3 The United States joined World War I in 1917. This helped turn the tide of the war in Europe. All the events took place in 1918 & involved American troops. Number them 1-5 in chronological order. _____ (a) Saint Mihiel Offensive (France): General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing leads as the American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.) overcome a German stronghold & take thousands of prisoners. _____ (b) Ypres-Lys Offensive/Passendale (Belgium): This unsuccessful British-led drive results in many Allied causalities. _____ (c) Aisne-Marne Offensive/Second Battle of the Marne (France): U.S. troops help keep Germans from crossing the Marne River in a key battle of the war. _____ (d) Meuse-Argonne Offensive(France/Belgium/Germany): The U.S. First Army takes major German offensives in the turning point of the war. As a result, armistice talks begin. _____ (e) Battle of Vittorio-Veneto (Italy): This battle succeeds in driving out the Austrian army.
America Enters The Great War • from 1914-1917: United States officially neutral & isolationist (trades with both sides) • Woodrow Wilson, U.S. President, reelected in 1916 with campaign slogan: “he kept us out of war” • after Lusitania (1915) & sinking of the French passenger liner, the Sussex (1916): • Sussex Pledge: Germany agreed to stop unrestricted submarine warfare…to keep USA out of the Great War • by 1917, Germany had restarted unrestricted submarine warfare because it needed to defeat Great Britain • 1917: Russia leaves the Allied side (Russian Revolution) • January 16th,1917 • Germany sent Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico saying if Mexico entered war vs. United States, Germany would give Mexico the land it lost in the Mexican-American War (1846-48) • Germany would use Mexico for site of invasion • Great Britain decoded Zimmerman Note & sent it to the United States…”Note” published in newspapers, outraging Americans! • April 1917: • President Wilson went to Congress for declaration of war vs. Germany! • The United States entered World War I, with the Allies!
DARK GREEN: Mexico in 1917 LIGHT GREEN: Territory promised to Mexico in the Zimmerman Telegram RED LINE: Mexico’s border with U.S. before the Mexican-American War (1846-48)
The Fighting Ends… • Germany knew they could not hold off the United States as well, so they tried to end the War before the U.S. could mobilize & arrive • got within 40 miles of Paris before they were stopped (KEY BATTLE: the 2ndBattle of the Marne) • with American soldiers (“doughboys” led in the AEF by General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing)& supplies, the Allies had the definite advantage • TURNING POINT: Meuse-Argonne Offensive…very difficult for Allied Forces b/c of dense forests & many rivers to cross! • in Germany, political, economic & social situations: “serious but not desperate” • in Austria-Hungary, situations: “desperate but not serious” • Kaiser Wilhelm II deposed & democratic government put in power (Weimar, Germany) • Germany asked for the fighting to end • the Allied & Central Powers signed & declared an Armistice on November 11th, 1918(“on the 11th hour, of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918”) with the leaders deciding to meet in Paris, for a peace treaty!
Paris Peace Conference (1919) • Paris Peace Conference (1919) • “Big Four” • Woodrow Wilson (USA), George Clemenceau (France),David Lloyd George (Great Britain), & Vittorio Orlando (Italy) • Germany NOT INVITED!!! • Woodrow Wilson: very idealistic • 14 Points as basis of peace treaty • Point #14: League of Nationsto keep world peace • importance of self-determination where each ethnic group had its own government • the other “3” wanted to make Germany pay for the effects of the War!
Treaty of Versailles (1919) • Treaty of Versailles • Germany takes full responsibility for the Great War (war guilt clause) • pays huge reparations to the Allies ($33 billion) • demilitarize(or shrink army to no more than 100,000 soldiers with a small navy & no air force) • Treaty of Versailles: huge insult to Germany! • Germans saw it as unfair…setting the stage for Adolf Hitler & World War II • League of Nations: only Point of Wilson’s plan adopted into Treaty • U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles…thus never joining League of Nations!
