1 / 36

Coal Supplies in the United States: Abundant and Diverse Energy Source

The United States has trillions of tons of coal reserves, with Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota holding 50% of the supply. Western coal is low in sulfur and can be extracted through strip mining. The recoverable reserves could provide enough energy for 375 years at current consumption rates. However, there are financial dilemmas and environmental concerns associated with coal extraction and utilization. Solutions include sulfur removal technologies and coal gasification/liquefaction. The future of coal usage and synthetic fuels is uncertain.

jdeal
Download Presentation

Coal Supplies in the United States: Abundant and Diverse Energy Source

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. SUPPLIES OF COAL UNITED STATES - 3 TRILLION TONS (50% IN WYOMING, MONTANA, NORTH DAKOTA) WESTERN COAL - 60% LOW SULFUR (0.7%S) - AT STRIP MINING DEPTH - >1000 MILES FROM DEMAND CENTERS - $5- $15/TON

  2. U.S. COAL RESERVES RECOVERABLE - 10% U.S.G.S - 50% DOE “UNRECOVERABLE” - TECHNOLOGICALLY - ECONOMICALLY - (EXTRACTION, RECLAMATION COSTS)

  3. AVAILABLE COAL ENERGY 3 TRILLION TONS X 50% RECOVERABLE X 2000 LB/TON X 10,000 BTU/LB = 3 X 1019 BTU - 1980 U.S. CONSUMPTION = 80X1015 BTU (TOTAL) - 375 YEAR SUPPLY AT PRESENT COAL CONSUMPTION RATES (20 X 1015 BTU/YEAR) - 1500 YEAR SUPPLY

  4. COAL RANK • ANTHRACITE -14,000 BTU/LB • 2. BITUMINOUS -12,000 BTU/LB • 3. SUB-BITUMINOUS -9,000 BTU/LB • 4. LIGNITE (30% WATER) - 7,000 BTU/LB

  5. TABLE 4 Representative Composition of Western Lignite (As Received) Proximate AnalysisUltimate analysis Fixed carbon 27.2% Carbon 44.9 % Ash 11.7% Hydrogen 3.4% Water 25.4% Oxygen 13.2% Volatiles 34.5% Nitrogen 0.2% Sulfur 1.2% Sulfur 1.2% Heating value 7500 Btu/lb Ash 11.7% Water 25.4%

  6. FINANCIAL DILEMMA • SYNTHETIC FUEL COST (2008) • - $7.50-15.00/MM BTU • INVESTMENT • - 75 X 1012 BTU/YEAR PLANT, 25 YEAR LIFE • - $4-6 BILLION • ? COST OF OTHER ENERGY SOURCES ?? (O.P.E.C) • - NEED A FLOOR ON THE PRICE OF ENERGY • OVER A LONG TIME FRAME

  7. EXTRACTION TRANSPORTATION PREPARATION CONVERSION - GASIFICATION - LIQUEFACTION - COMBUSTION POLLUTION CONTROL - PARTICULATES - SO2 - H2S - NOX

  8. EXTRACTION • STRIP MINING 0-200 feet • 2. SHAFT MINING 200-5000 feet • 3. IN SITU GASIFICATION • (2)USED AS EARLY AS 1819 IN TEXAS • (1) USED SINCE 1954 (ROCKDALE) • STRIP MINING - CONTOUR STRIPPING • - AREA STRIPPING

  9. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS • STRIP MINING OF TEXAS LIGNITE • AREA STRIPPING • OVERBURDEN NOT HIGH SULFUR • RECLAMATION COST CT= 0.055 CA/T • (SUFFICIENT RAINFALL) – NEGLIGIBLE IN MOST CASES • CT, COST PER TON IN CENTS • T, COAL SEAM THICKNESS IN FEET • CA, RECLAMATION COST IN DOLLAR PER ACRE ($200 IN TEXAS)

  10. COAL PIPELINES COAL (200 MESH)/ WATER SLURRY LARGE INVESTMENT COST CURRENT OPERATION – BLACK MESA, ARIZONA (1750 MW) 270 MILES PLANNED OPERATION – HINDERED BY EMINENT DOMAIN, WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS NOT FEASIBLE FOR LIGNITE

  11. FOUR UTILIZATION ISSUES • LOCATION • 2. MODE OF EXTRACTION • 3. SULFUR REMOVAL • 4. FINAL PRODUCT

  12. SOLUTIONS TO THE SULFUR PROBLEM IN POWER GENERATION • LOW SULFUR COAL • 2. MECHANICAL TREATMENT (BENEFICIATION) • 3. COAL GASIFICATION/LIQUEFACTION • 4. DOLOMITE INJECTION/FLUIDIZED BED • 5. FLUE GAS SCRUBBERS • 1, 2, 3 PRE-COMBUSTION

  13. FLUE GAS SCRUBBERS LIMESTONE SCRUBBING AT LOW TEMPERATURE DESIGNED FOR 90% REMOVAL COMMERCIALLY PROVEN, COST = $200/KW (vs. $1000/KW for ENTIRE POWER PLANT) HAS DISPOSABLE BYPRODUCT (e.g., CAS04) 6-8 % LOSS IN THERMAL EFFICIENCY

  14. DOLOMITE INJECTION REMOVAL OF SO2 SIMULTANEOUS WITH COMBUSTION CACO3 SERVES AS A SCAVENGER FOR SO2 (PRODUCES CASO4 THROWAWAY PRODUCT) REQUIRES LOW TEMPERATURE 1600 ºF HANDLES HIGH ASH COALS LOWER EMISSIONS OF NOX, TRACE METALS ATTRACTIVE FOR SMALLER POWER PLANTS (LESS THAN 100 MW)

  15. COAL GASIFICATION/LIQUEFACTION VERY EXPENSIVE GASIFICATION ONLY REASONABLE WHEN PLANT IS INTEGRATED COAL LIQUIDS ATTRACTIVE FOR TRANSPORTATION COMMERCIAL SCALE OPERATIONS (e.g., S.AFRICA) H2S/CO2 REMOVAL ARE PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES H2S + O2 = H2O + SO2 H2S + SO2 = S + H2O

  16. SELECTION OF A GASIFIER • TYPE OF BED • 2. OPERATING PRESSURE • 3. SLAGGING, NON-SLAGGING • LURGI (FIXED BED, HIGH P, NON-SLAGGING) • KOPPERS-TOTZEK (ENTRAINED BED, LOW P, SLAGGING) • WELLMAN-GALUSHA (FIXED, LOW P, NON-SLAGGING) • WINKLER (FLUIDIZED, LOW P, NON-SLAGGING)

  17. Kellog Brown and Root (KBR)

  18. IGCC PROCESS

  19. IGCC Plants in the US The Wabash River IGCC Project West Terre Haute, Indiana, 1995 Using: The ConocoPhillips E-Gas Gasification process Output: 262 MWe The Tampa Electric IGCC Project Mulberry, Florida, 1996 Using: GE Energy Gasification Output: 250 MWe

  20. PREDICTIONS(MADE IN 1990) ? • COAL COMBUSTION WILL CONTINUE AS THE DOMINANT MODE OF COAL UTILIZATION DURING THE REST OF THIS CENTURY. • SYNTHETIC FUELS WILL BECOME POPULAR AGAIN IN THE FUTURE (HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF) – PERHAPS 10 YEARS FROM NOW, THE U.S.A WILL HAVE ANOTHER ENERGY “CRISIS”. • 3. PREDICTIONS FOR 2010?

More Related