SKELETAL SYSTEM NOTES PART 3

1. SKELETAL SYSTEM NOTES PART 3

2. What are the parts of the skeletal system? The parts of the skeletal system include bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments. What are the functions of the skeletal system? The functions of the skeletal system include, body shape, protects organs, levers for movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation. How are bones classified? Bones are classified by shape. Give some examples of bone classification Long bone: humerus, femur Short bone: trapezoid (wrist) Flat bone: sternum Irregular bone: vertabrae

3. What are the 3 parts of a long bone? The 3 parts of a long bone are the diaphysis, epiphysis, and epiphyseal plate (or line). Where is yellow marrow in a long bone? Yellow marrow is in the medullary cavity of a long bone. What is the periosteum? The periosteum is the outside covering of bone. What are some features of compact bone? Some features of compact bone include: location: diaphysis - tightly packed cells – Haversian systems – osteocytes – canaliculi (canals to connect bone cells) – lamellae (anchors bone cells).

4. What are some characteristics of spongy bone? Some characteristics of spongy bone include: location: epiphysis – made of trabeculae (gives it a “spongy” look – contains red marrow – lighter than compact bone. What are the three types of joints in the human body and examples of each? Fibrous: sutures in skull Cartilaginous: vertebrae, between ribs and sternum Synovial: knee, elbow What are some types of synovial joints? Gliding joints: wrists Ball and socket joint: hip Saddle joint: thumb Hinge joint: elbow Pivot joint: neck, forearm

5. What is a hole in the skeletal system called? A hole in the skeletal system is called a foramen. What is a tunnel or canal called? A tunnel or canal in a bone is called a meatus. What is a protrusion on a bone called? A protrusion on a bone is called a process. What are the cavities in the cranium called? A cavity in the cranium is called a sinus. What is the process of bone formation called? The process of bone formation is called ossification.

6. Bone Fractures and Repair • Fracture • break resulting from trauma to the bone • Types of Fractures • Simple Fracture • “clean” break, does not break the skin (closed fracture)

7. Compound Fracture • bone “breaks” or tears through skin – very serious, infection can occur

9. Comminuted Fracture • bone breaks into pieces – common in elderly, bones are more brittle

10. Compression Fracture • bone is compressed or crushed • common in vertebra – common in older people due to osteoporosis

11. Depressed Fracture • bone is pressed inward – common in skull fracture

12. Impacted Fracture • bone ends are forced into each other – common when attempting “break your fall” with outstretched arms

13. Spiral Fracture • results from excessive twisting force

14. Greenstick Fracture • incomplete break (like a green twig) common in children due to more flexibility in bones than adults

15. BONE REPAIR • Callus • zone of tissue repair • Several Steps 1. blood clot forms 2. 2-3 days later, cells enter and produce fibers which hold bones together • cartilage is then produced 3. osteoblasts enter the callus and form spongy bone – takes 4-6 weeks 4. spongy bone is remodeled into compact bone • this healing can take up to a year

16. Bone and Joint Disorders • Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate • bones in mouth do not fuse properly (birth defect)

17. Scoliosis • abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

18. Torn Ligament or Cartilage • surgery can be required to fix this • Arthritis • “catch all phrase” for chronic inflammation of a joint • Osteoarthritis common as you age – pain in joints – exercise can relieve pain • RHEUMATIOD arthritis: inflammation of the synovial membrane • Osteoporosis • weakening of bone as you age – bones are easily fractured – need calcium in diet

19. dislocation • violent disruption of the integrity of a joint – many different types

22. Rickets • caused by vitamin D deficiency (can be from lack of sunlight)