HUMAN GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT

1. HUMAN GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT

2. DEVELOPMENT and BEHAVIOR • Life is a continuous process from birth to death (life continuum) • many stages that are part of the normal growth & development.

3. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT & BEHAVIOR • PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT • from conception to birth; conception (fertilization) occurs when a male sperm and a female ovum combine to form a zygote (fertilized egg). Within five weeks, this divides rapidly into many cells to form an embryo. After 12 weeks it is called a fetus.

4. POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT(birth to death) • Neonatal Period – begins very abruptly at birth, and extends from birth to the end of the first four weeks • Infancy – the period of continual development extending from the end of the first four weeks to 1 yr • Childhood – begins at the end of the 1st year and ends at puberty • Adolescence – the period of development between puberty and adulthood • Adulthood (maturity) – extends from adolescence to old age • Old age – from about 70 yrs to death

5. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, BEHAVIOR, & AGE-SPECIFIC COMMUNICATON TECHNIQUES • Infancy – Table 9.1 • Preteen Years through Young Adult – Table 9.2 • Adulthood – Table 9.3

6. POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT(Birth to Death) NEONATAL PERIOD (birth – 4 weeks) • During this time the infant is called a newborn or neonate • At birth, physiological adjustments must occur quickly because the newborn must suddenly do for itself what the mother’s body had been doing for it – • respire, obtain and digest nutrients, excrete wastes, and regulate body temp. • The immediate need is to obtain oxygen and excrete carbondioxide

7. When the child takes the first breath, the Foramen Ovale closes (between Rt. Atrium & Left Atrium) because of changes in blood pressure, so now there is no direct connection between the two atria. • The pleural cavity increases in size to accommodate the lungs

8. The child will have fat stores, from drawing off the mother’s body tissues. • This allows mom the opportunity to produce her milk, which usually takes about 2-3 days after the birth of the child. This provides the main source of energy for the first few days. • The child will start to urinate at this time. • The urine will be very dilute to begin with, and as the kidneys start to function, it will become more concentrated.

9. INFANCY (end of 4 wks to 1 yr) • Body weight usually triples, and many developmental changes take place. • By the end of the first year, the child will probably have a few teeth. • Infant learns to sit, crawl, and stand. • By the end of the first year, the infant learns to communicate by smiling, laughing, and making sounds.

10. CHILDHOOD (end of 1st year to puberty) • Growth will continue, bone ossification is rapid • Bladder and bowel control will develop • Motor coordination develops more fully as coordination of muscle control continues – child goes from crawling to walking. • Language, reading, writing, reasoning, and other intellectual skills become more refined. • The child is maturing emotionally.

11. ADOLESCENCE (puberty to adulthood) • Individual becomes physiologically capable of reproduction • Puberty in females is roughly between 11 and 13. • In males, it’s between 13 and 15.

12. THIRD DECADE (20’S) • Muscle strength peaks • Hair fullness peaks • You’re at your strongest – your peak FOURTH DECADE (30’s) • This is a turning point • Somewhere in this decade, your hearing starts to go - it becomes less efficient. • Once you pass 30, you lose about .8 of a percent of your hearing efficiency each year.

13. FIFTH DECADE (40’s) • Typically carry 10-20 pounds more weight than you did previously • Metabolism is slowing, but eating habits haven’t changed. • Hair may start to turn gray during this time. • Lose about 1/8 inch height • Typically need glasses, either due to farsightedness or nearsightedness • Muscles start to weaken

14. SIXTH DECADE (50’s) • Presbyopia tends to become a problem • Female menopause typically occurs • Muscle mass and weight decrease more; you start to learn how to eat with a slower metabolism. • Taste buds start to die off; food doesn’t have the intensity that it had before. • Skin starts to lose its elasticity • Males have half the strength they had at 25 years of age.

15. SEVENTH DECADE (60’s) • Memory starts to go; start experiencing minor memory loss • 70’s and 80’s: Just goes downhill from there!

16. SENESCENCE: • The process of growing old; an ongoing process • As the degenerative changes that begin in adulthood continue throughout old age, the body becomes less and less capable of coping with the demands placed on it. • Changes related to aging take place in all bodysystems, however, the rate at which they occur varies from individual to individual and from system to system.

17. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF AGING • As they age people try to continue their daily life in the same adult patterns • Due to effects of aging - Body loses its resilience and functions become impaired • Lifestyle may change for some

18. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF AGING • Often cause frustration in your patient & you • These changes are the natural process of aging • Health care workers need to have awareness of these changes to help to be more patient & understanding

19. GOOD NEWS ! • Today there is an increasing geriatric population • only 5% require in-patient health care • 95% remain viable, active seniors

20. ROLE CHANGES IN PEOPLE WHO ARE AGING • Work role • gives a sense of independence, security, and self-esteem • occupational identity is lost through retirement or physical disability.

21. Family relationships • With loss of family, a person may be left without emotional warmth, intimacy, and identity • To adapt, people may need to redirect their interests • Social activities, volunteer work, organizations

22. Social roles • The need for interaction with others • Loss of friends and personal relationships creates a loss of social acceptance • New social contacts must be developed • Senior centers, churches, other organizations

23. Environment • Change in environment may result in feeling a loss of control or sense of belonging • Children’s home; nursing home • Adjusting to new environments may be very frightening

24. As a health care worker, your understanding of role changes of the aging will help you to develop necessary skills to work with older patients. • Awareness & Acceptance of their needs allows you to have patience and understanding in helping them adjust to changes in their life roles.

25. DISABILITIES and ROLE CHANGES

26. IMPORTANCE OF INDEPENDENCE Illnesses and injuries can cause limitations affecting normal daily activities: • Bathing • Combing hair • Going to the bathroom • Dressing • Eating • Brushing teeth • communicating

27. Allow each patient to be as independent as possible • Encourage patients to try activities • Be positive, allowing patient to make choices • Assistive/adaptive devices can help patients to be more independent and self-sufficient, giving them a feeling of well-being and self-respect

28. Assistive/Adaptive Devices can help patients to: • Eat • Reach objects • Perform personal care • Dress/button clothing • Communicate (computers)

31. PHYSICAL DISABILITIES • Birth Defects (Table 9.4) • Debilitating illnesses (Table 9.5) • Injuries

32. COMMON INJURIES THAT CAUSE PHYSICAL DISABILITIES • Spinal cord injuries • paralysis • Stroke • Paralysis, brain dysfunction, speech impairments, loss of memory • Head injuries • Coma, loss of memory, paralysis • Amputation of a limb

33. DISABILITIES • Lengthy disabilities require understanding and patience • Disabled people have need to remain a productive part of society and to maintain a sense of well-being • Health care workers can be a positive influence during periods of adjustment and rehabilitation

34. People who lose a body part or a part of their body functions experience the same stages of loss as do people with a terminal illness • Shock and Denial • Rage and Anger • Bargaining • Depression • Acceptance

35. Disability may cause dependency on others for many daily needs • This leads to feelings of not being in control • Loss of body function may mean changes in: • Communication skills • Sensory awareness • Ability to think and comprehend • Ability to move • Elimination of waste products • Eating • Sexual activity

36. Loss of physical functions may cause emotional stability to change • Self-esteem • Self-confidence • Self-image

37. Physical impairments that lead to emotional changes may also create a sense of loss concerning • Ability to develop relationships with others • Ability to earn a living • Ability to be a useful member of society

38. Health care workers must be understanding and knowledgeable about the processes of acceptance and rehabilitation in order to aid the disabled patient.

40. COMMON REHABILITATION AREAS • Physical therapy • Restore normal body function • Occupational therapy • Restore ability to work or participate in purposeful activity • Speech therapy • Restore the ability to communicate • Psychotherapy • Change inappropriate behavior patterns, improve interpersonal relationships, and resolve inner conflicts

41. Examples of Support Groups to help patients & family cope with changes • Breast cancer support group • Ostomy support group • Vital Options (young adults with cancer) Support groups can be located by contacting social services at hospitals, community centers, & health organizations

43. END OF LIFE ISSUES

45. DECISION MAKING AT THE END OF LIFE Patients need to be informed of the following: • Their condition • Proposed treatment • Expected results • Alternative treatment options • Potential risks, complications, and anticipated benefits

46. PAIN MANAGEMENT • Most patients with a terminal illness fear physical pain more than death itself • When the decision is made that prolonging life with therapy is no longer possible, then comfort and pain relief becomes the treatment goal

47. Relieving pain includes • maintaining the patient’s personal hygiene and body alignment • Speaking gently and clearly to the patient even if he or she is not able to respond • Reporting restlessness, excessive sweating, and rapid respirations

48. HOSPICE CARE • Hospice, in the earliest days, was a concept rooted in the centuries-old idea of offering a place of shelter and rest, or "hospitality" to weary and sick travelers on a long journey.

49. In 1967 Dame Cicely Saunders at St. Christopher's Hospice in London first applied the term "hospice" to specialized care for dying patients. • Today, hospice care provides humane and compassionate care for people in the last phases of incurable disease so that they may live as fully and comfortably as possible.

50. Hospice is a philosophy of care. The hospice philosophy or viewpoint accepts death as the final stage of life. • The goal of hospice is to enable patients to continue an alert, pain-free life and to manage other symptoms so that their last days may be spent with dignity and quality, surrounded by their loved ones. • Hospice affirms life and does not hasten or postpone death.