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Map Projections: Distortions and Realities

Explore the complexities of map projections and how they distort elements like distance, direction, shape, and area. Learn about popular map projection types such as Mercator, Robinson, and Goode Homolosine. Understand latitude and longitude, the Earth's grid system, and coordinate representations in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Discover how to plot any point on Earth using latitude and longitude coordinates accurately.

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Map Projections: Distortions and Realities

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  1. Map Projections

  2. Map Projections Putting a sphere on a flat surface messes up certain realities: • Distance • Direction • Shape • Area Each map keeps one or two things true (pros), but the others are not accurate (cons).

  3. Mercator Pros: Direction Cons: Shape Distance Area Africa is actually 14 times larger than Greenland!

  4. Robinson Pros: Cons: Better area Directionand shape Distance

  5. Goode homolosine Pros: Shape Area Cons: Direction Distance

  6. Latitude and Longitude

  7. Hemispheres

  8. Hemispheres

  9. The Earth’s Grid Any spot on Earth can be plotted with latitude and longitude. • Lines of latitude run east-west • “Lateral” means “side-to-side” (lateral pass) • Also called parallels • Measured in degrees of N or S • 0° latitude is the Equator • 90° N is the North Pole • 90° S is the South Pole

  10. Latitude Measure North Equator Measure South

  11. Upper Latitudes Lower Latitudes

  12. Longitude Lines of longitude run north-south “All lines of longitude are long” Also called meridians Measured in degrees of E or W 0° longitude is the Prime Meridian Runs through Greenwich, England, just outside London 180° E/W is the International Date Line

  13. Longitude 180° W 180° E 0° Prime Meridian Measure West Measure East

  14. 35º N 34º 5’ N 34º N 18º E 19º E 18º 25’ E

  15. The Earth’s Grid A specific location uses N or S and W or E for each coordinate pair Three ways to show coordinates: Degrees, minutes, seconds: 30°, 15’, 45” N; 54°, 20’, 10” W 1 degree = 60 minutes; 1 minute = 60 seconds **Note: This is not in reference to time! Deg:min:sec : 30:15:45N, 54:20:10W

  16. Three ways to show coordinates continued: 30:15:45N, 54:20:10W = • Decimals: 30.2625, -54. 336111 ** (south and west are negative numbers) • Found by dividing minutes/60 • i.e. 15 minutes = 15/60 = .25 • And then seconds/3600 • i.e. 45 seconds = 45/3600 = .0125 • Add the two together: • .25 + .0125 = .2625

  17. Latitude and Longitude Together, any point on Earth can be plotted on a map Use both coordinates together: Latitude, longitude 40° N, 85° E 10° S, 15° W Walton:33:59:20.663 N, 84:26:30.718 W This is the Front Office

  18. Why Degrees, Minutes, Seconds? • A circle is 360° • When computing various angles, we base our measurements on degrees. • i.e. Right angles are 90 ° • An angle between 90° and 91° require requires minutes and seconds to find the specific angle. • In 3D, we add the Z Axis, • which requires the second degree measurement

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