World War I: The Great War

1. World War I: The Great War

2. Long Term and Immediate Causes of WWI- MANIA! THE POWDER KEG M ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Militarism- Growth of your military in order to keep up with your enemies (arms race) A agreement between two countries to aid and support one another Even a small conflict between two countries could draw many countries into the war N ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ extreme pride in your country or ethnic group SELF-DETERMINISM- desire of colonized ethnic group for independence (their own country) I ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Competition for colonies and control over trade routes led to disputes and more tension between European nations Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; After Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, the alliance system pulled country after country into the conflict A “The Spark”

3. III. Why does the U.S. Joins the War? 1. Economic Ties to the Allied Powers

4. 2. Germany Threatens Freedom of the Seas with UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE a. After the sinking of the Lusitania, Germany agrees to stop Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, but lies…

5. 3. Zimmerman Note A German A Mexican • message intercepted from Germany to Mexico asking Mexico to attack the U.S. • 4. Russia exits the war in 1917 b/c of a Communist Revolution! 5. U.S. troops and resources tip the balance of war, and the Allied Powers win

6. II. The Deadliest and Most Destructive War 1. Trench Warfare- created a STALEMATE

7. 2. New Weapons and Technology • Machine guns • Tanks • Poison Gas • Airplanes

8. U.S. Homefront • Propaganda- Created to support the war effort • War Bonds- Loans to government by citizens to pay for the war • Loss of freedom of speech- Espionage Act of 1917 makes it illegal to criticize the war; Crackdown on suspected communist/socialists • Schenck v U.S.-  Charles Schenck arrested for criticizing draft; Court ruled that during wartime rights can be limited

9. 5. After the War: The Treaty of Versailles • After the war, Britain and France want to punish Germany • Woodrow Wilson wants his 14 Points plan • Except for the League of Nations, all of Wilson’s points are rejected 4. Germany is severely punished by the Treaty of Versailles and U.S. Congress votes against joining the League of Nations • Congress votes against joining the League of Nations b/c they fear membership will pull the U.S. into another foreign war U.S. returns to isolationism 6. War leads to economic depression in Europe and also the rise of Nazism and fascism

10. Roaring Twenties A time of social and economic change

11. Roaring Twenties (1920-1929): time period in which the U.S. had tremendous economic growth and cultural change • Politics in the Roaring 20s • A return to ISOLATIONISM • The U.S. DOES NOTjoin the League of Nations • High tariffs are passed to protect U.S. business • A return to Laissez- Faire • 20s Presidents felt that the best way to help business was to be “hands-off” 1.President Warren G. Harding (Republican) • “Return to Normalcy”- wanted isolationism and laissez-faire • Hard to trust Harding- his cabinet was corrupt • Teapot Dome Scandal

12. c. Harding dies on 8/2/1923, Vice President Calvin Coolidge takes over as President 2. Coolidge is re-elected in 1924 • Laissez-Faire • Coolidge Prosperity- stock market and businesses grew The Business of America is Business!

13. 3. Herbert Hoover is elected in 1928 (Rep.) Continued Laissez Faire policy Was President at the end of the “Roaring Twenties”, when the stock market crashed in late 1929 and the Great Depression began

14. I. Social Changes of the 20s Modernists (Urban, open minded, rejected prohibition) vs. Tradionalists (rural, very religious, image conscious) Scopes Monkey Trial- focused on teaching evolution New roles of women and “flapper” image • Harlem Renaissance – “Rebirth” of African American pride and culture in cities created by Great Migration and a new sense of freedom away from South • Jazz music- first mainstream A.A. art form, radio helps spread popularity • Literature – Langston Hughes

15. 3. New Roles for Women Flappers- rebelled against traditional women’s roles; drank at Speakeasies, smoked, dated casually, danced. Wore short skirts, short haircuts, low neck lines. Voting- 19th amendment gave women new power to vote In the workplace- Many women who took place of men during WWI remained in workplace; new job opportunities opened up as secretaries, typists, phone operators.

16. 4. New Inventions a. Assembly line- increased productivity, made many products more affordable (especially cars) b. Automobile Effect of Automobiles in the 1920s Economic Effects • Glass, iron, steel, oil, rubber industries boosted • Construction of roads, restaurants, gas stations and suburbs Social Effects • Growth of suburbs • Driving for fun

18. c. Home appliances- electricity become more available (especially in cities) • Advertising- especially on the radio • Radio- by end of 1920s, most families own a radio- helps create MASS CULTURE, popularizes sports • Hollywood- Movies become incredibly popular, helps create MASS CULTURE; by end of 1920s, movies have sound

19. 5. Economic Changes a. Return to laissez-faire b. Buy Now, Pay Later- helps lead to economic boom as people bought things they could not afford (Coolidge Prosperity) c. Buying stocks on margin- like buy now, pay later for stocks; leads to overvalued stock market!

21. Prohibition- 18th Amendment • Bootlegging and organized crime • Speakeasies • Fails b/c of rise in crime and unpopularity

22. 4. Increased Nativism- • a. Red Scare- increased fear of communist takeover in U.S. (b/c of Russian revolution and # of new immigrants in U.S.) • Sacco and Vanzetti • Palmer Raids • Stricter immigration- Quota acts keep out “new” immigrants (Fear of radicals • From Russian revolution) • Increase in KKK membership • Birth of a Nation Film • Great Migration

23. Great Depression

24. Causes of Depression • Buy now, pay later causes DEBT • Unequal distribution of wealth • Stock speculation • STOCK MARKET CRASH!

25. Causes of Depression • STOCK MARKET CRASH! • Black Tuesday, Oct. 29th, 1929 • Billions of dollars are lost, investments gone, businesses ruined

26. III. Effects of Depression • Massive Unemployment • Homelessness and breadlines/soup kitchens • Hoovervilles- communities of make-shift houses in which the poor and homeless could live

27. Bank Runs-when panicked customers attempt to withdraw their savings from a bank at the same time. • Bank runs led to bank failures during the Great Depression as banks did not have enough money to pay back their clients- many people lost all their money! • People lost confidence in banks and did not put their savings back into banks • When people do not put their money in banks, it is very difficult to break the cycle of depression! The GREAT DEPRESSION worsens between 1929-1933!

28. The Hoover Years • President when Depression hit- blamed/not popular • laissez-faire and “rugged individualism” approach very unpopular • Trickle-Down economics- get economy moving by helping big business/rich • Bonus Army- poor, homeless WWI veterans attacked and their Hooverville burned to the ground in 1932 BONUS MARCHERS PROTESTING IN WASHINGTON D.C.

30. II. The Dust Bowl was a series of dust storms in the Great Plains region [central United States] between 1930 and 1941 caused by a massive drought and decades of poor farming techniques

31. IV. FDR and the New Deal 1. New Deal-name FDR gave to the series of Government programs and actions aimed at ending the Great Depression. 2. GOALS of the New Deal (Three Rs) • Relief • Provide jobs for the unemployed • Provide support for the poor • Recovery • Use power of government to boost industry and farming • Help the economy grow and get back on track • Restore confidence in the banking system • Reform • Set up a “safety net” to prevent another Depression • Regulating the stock market and banking system

32. Fireside chats- radio broadcasts given by FDR to explain his programs and actions to the American people Bank Holiday- all the banks in the U.S. were closed to prevent further withdrawals. Then he persuaded Congress to pass the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which authorized the Treasury Department to inspect the countries banks. • This was explained to the American people at the first ever fireside chat

35. LEGACY OF THE NEW DEAL: HOW DID IT CHANGE AMERICA? • INCREASED THE SIZE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE ROLE IT PLAYS IN THE ECONOMY AND PEOPLES LIVES Welfare State- • PROTECTION OF LABOR UNIONS • RENEWED INTEREST IN PRESERVING AND PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT • INFASTRUCTURE- MAJOR CONSTRUCTION, ROADS AND ELECTRICITY PROJECTS HELP MODERNIZE RURAL AREAS

36. Court Packing Plan • Supreme Court found some New Deal Laws unconstitutional • FDR attempted to add 6 new judges to the Supreme Court • Did not happen

37. Court Packing Plan

38. End of the Great Depression • WWII creates massive demand for goods and brings about FULL EMPLOYMENT by 1942

39. WWII

40. I. Causes of WWII • 1. Rise of Totalitarian Dictators • Germany- Hitler and the Nazis (Once Hitler was elected, he began to break the Treaty of Versailles) • Italy- Mussolini and the Fascists • Japan- Hideki Tojo (Military Leader) • Soviet Union- Josef Stalin and Communism

41. Causes of WWII • 2. Aggression and Appeasement • a. Acts of Aggression (warlike acts by one country against another without justification) were met with APPEASEMENT (giving in to aggression to avoid war) by Britain, France and the League of Nations • b. The Soviet Nazi Non-Aggression pact left the Nazis free to invade Poland WITHOUT fear of a two-front war

42. The appeaser is giving out lollipops… does that LOOK like its going to satisfy the aggressive monsters?!?!

43. II. The War Begins • Immediate Cause- Germany invades Poland on September 1st, 1939

44. Axis Powers- Germany, Italy, Japan • Allied Powers • United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union

45. III. U.S.- From Neutrality to War • America is neutral at first • U.S. NOT in League of Nations • America 1st Movement • Neutrality Acts- laws passed in 1930s designed to keep U.S. out of potential war

46. III. U.S.- From Neutrality to War • America is neutral at first • U.S. NOT in League of Nations • America 1st Movement • Neutrality Acts- laws passed in 1930s designed to keep U.S. out of potential war 2. U.S. Steps up Involvement • Selective Training and Service Act, 1940- peace-time draft • Cash and Carry- • Lend-Lease-

47. 2. U.S. Steps up Involvement • Selective Training and Service Act, 1940- peace-time draft • Cash and Carry- • Lend-Lease- • Embargo on Japan

48. e. War Comes to the U.S.. on December 7th, 1941- Japan attacks U.S. base at Pearl Harbor, forcing U.S. into the war “…a day that will live in infamy” - President Franklin D. Roosevelt

49. IV. U.S. Mobilizes for War- Production Miracle 1. Changes in the Work Force! • Depression ends- country reaches full employment! • Rosie the Riveter- Women filled the jobs of men who went off to war • Increased job opportunities for African Americans

50. IV. U.S. Mobilizes for War- Production Miracle • Office of Price Administration- Government issues ration cards for food and natural resources like gas • Ex: Families are forcedto buy less food at the supermarket so the soldiers have enough to eat! • A crime to buy certain items without Ration coupons (black market)