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That has to be annoying…. The subtitle is above the title…Notes. Spanish Control. You should have done the graphic organizer by now about the Maya, Aztecs, and Inca
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That has to be annoying… The subtitle is above the title…Notes
Spanish Control • You should have done the graphic organizer by now about the Maya, Aztecs, and Inca • Specifically related to the Aztecs, you should now know that Hernan Cortes helped lead the Spanish conquistadors in conquering the conquered Aztecs • Why? God, Glory, and Gold • Los conquistadores were clearly more concerned with themselves and their wealth than the welfare of the native peoples • The encomienda was an economic and social system that permitted the conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laborers • In return, the holders of an encomienda were supposed to protect the Indians, pay them wages, and supervise their spiritual needs… • AH HA HAHAHAHAHAHA HA!!!!! AAAAAHHHHH HA HAHAHAHAHAHAHA !!!!!!!!!!! Like they were ever going to do that! • Bartolome de Las Casas was one of the few Spaniards to stick up for the Natives’ rights
When Sugar Changes Your Shape, You Do Bad Things to People • The origin of the slave trade came from those that looked for domestic servants (Middle East), household help, or agricultural labor (Europe) • However, the acquisition of the sugarcane crop in the Americas gave Europeans a new valuable trading commodity • Because the sugarcane fields demanded both skill and large quantities of labor, the small, conquered, American Indian population could not suffice • Bring in the Africans… • The triangular trade connected Europe, Africa, and the American continents • European merchant ships carried European manufactured goods like guns, gin and cloth to Africa • Africans traded the Euro cargo for African slaves • The slaves were shipped to the Americas and sold while the European merchants bought tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum coffee, and raw cotton and brought it back to Europe to be sold in European markets
Big Numbers • An estimated 275,000 enslaved Africans were exported to other countries in the 16th century (2,000 just to the Americas annually) • Over a million were sent in the 17th century • Roughly 6 million were sent in the 18th century when the trade spread from West and Central Africa to East Africa • Nearly 2 million were sent in the 19th century • As many as 10 million African slaves were transported to the Americas between the 1500s and 1800s • The large numbers stemmed from the high percentage of those that died while traveling through the Middle Passage (Africa to the Americas)—Mortality rates averaged 10% on the journey • Death rates were lower for those born and raised in the New World because they built up immunities to many of the more fatal diseases • However, few owners encouraged their slaves to have kids because many believed buying a new slave was less expensive than raising a child from birth to working age at adolescence • African middlemen (merchants, local elites, or rulers) were active in the trading process and able to dictate price and number of slaves to purchasers • Payment was made in goods like textiles, furniture, and guns, and led to many wars
Political Effects • On slaves and families, obviously separation • Politically, the need to maintain a constant supply of slaves led to more war and violence • “From us they have learned strife, quarrelling, drunkenness, trickery, theft, unbridled desire for what is not one’s own, misdeeds unknown to them before, and the accursed lust for gold.” --an unnamed Dutch slave trader • What is the purpose of me including this quote?
My Bias • This is European History • I understand that the trading posts with Asia were important to enhancing worldwide trade and increase cultural diffusion • However, the focus in this chapter is as much on the Asians as ‘tis on ‘da Europeans • Therefore, I’m covering it very briefly…actually, you’re going to cover it very briefly…
Group 1: SE Asia • Main Players: • 1. Portugal • 2. Spain • 3. Netherlands (the Dutch) • Why is it important?
Group 2: India • Main Players: • 1. Portugal • 2. England • Why is it important?
Group 3: China • Major Players: • 1. Portugal • 2. (Russia) • 3. England • Why is it important?
Group 4: Japan • Major Players: • 1. Portugal • 2. “Europeans” • 3. Netherlands • Why is it important?
Group 5: The Americas • Major Players: • 1. Spain • 2. Portugal • 3. England • 4. France
The Conquered • Conquered peoples in Africa had much of their culture altered or destroyed • In addition to devastating losses of population from European diseases, ancient social and political structures were ripped up and replaced by European institutions, religion, language, and culture • The slave trade likely negated any population growth in Africa • More territories were formed due to the riches from the slave trade and desire to make money • Asian people were mostly able to hold onto their culture • Central and South American people formed a distinct Latin American culture that is multi-racial • Mestizos = Europeans + American Indians • Mullatoes= Europeans + Africans • Horses and cattle came to the Americas, revolutionizing life for the Indians • Wheat and cane sugar were also cultivated on large plantations • Sweet potatoes and maize (Indian corn) were brought to Africa from the Americas by Europeans
Los Conquistadores • God means Catholicism…and missionaries attempted to spread His word everywhere • Missionaries benefitted themselves more than the natives but the Catholic Church did build hospitals, orphanages, and schools • Most successful missionary work was done in the Americas, but some was successful in China too—until it became too successful and was outlawed • The Columbian Exchange also benefited the Conquerors • The reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas • Horses, cattle and wheat exchanged for potatoes, chocolate, corn, tomatoes, and tobacco • More accurate map projections (especially the Mercator projection) allowed success on many voyages could sail straight • Psychologically, it is easy to argue that the domination of other peoples led Europeans to believe they were superior to them
Other Key Terms • Price Revolution: essentially it’s inflation in the 16th and early 17th century that led to prices rising faster than wages did • Standard of living went down • Entrepreneurs benefit (they’re selling the goods) • Joint-stock company: Individuals bought shares in a company and received dividends on their investment while a board of directors ran the company and made the important business decisions • Mercantilism: economic theory that declared there was a total volume of trade in the world and it was unchangeable. • The result was that states protected their economies by: • Hoarding precious metals • Implementing protectionist trade policies • Promoting colonial development • Increasing shipbuilding • Supporting trading companies • Encouraging the manufacturing of products used in trade
