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Exploring the Chemistry of Life and Matter

Discover the fundamental units of matter, from atoms to macromolecules, and dive into the properties of water, acids, bases, and pH. Learn about carbon compounds, macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, and understand chemical reactions and enzymes. Gain insights into the levels of organization in biological systems and the importance of activation energy. Unravel the wonders of chemistry in life!

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Exploring the Chemistry of Life and Matter

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  1. Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life

  2. 2.1 The Nature of Matter

  3. Is the basic unit of matter Is made up of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron The Atom E- P+ o N

  4. Let's Draw An Atom! YEE HAW!

  5. 1st choose an element # 3 #7 How about Lithium??!! Which atomic mass is it? Which atomic # is it?

  6. E- P+ P+ P+ E- E- o o N N o N o N

  7. Let's Review! HUH?

  8. Nucleus Protons Neutrons Electrons Positive Negative

  9. Let's Review! • The atomic number of carbon is _______________. • So carbon has ________ protons and electrons. • The protons and neutrons are found in the ______________. • It’s the number of ____________ that determines which kind of atom it is. six six nucleus protons

  10. Elements • Are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom • More than 100 elements are known • Represented by a letter symbol

  11. Lithium! We meet again!

  12. Compounds • Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. • What is NaCl? • How about H20?

  13. Chemical Bonds • Ionic: When electrons are transferred from one atom to another. • If an atom loses an electron it has a _________ charge. • If an atom gains an electron it has a _________ charge. Positive Negative

  14. Bonding of Sodium & Chlorine Atoms IONIC BOND!

  15. Covalent Bonds • Electrons are shared not transferred • Electrons travel in the orbitals of both atoms • Covalent bonds form molecules • The molecule is the smallest unit of most compounds

  16. The Water Molecule COVALENT BOND!

  17. 2.2 Properties of Water

  18. The Water Molecule Remember covalent bonds?! • A water molecule is POLAR because there is an uneven distribution of electrons.

  19. Polarity • When there are oppositely charged ends in an atom

  20. The Hydrogen Bond • Negative and positive ends of molecules are attracted • The bonds formed are HYDROGEN bonds • Occur between water molecules • Weakest of all the bonds

  21. Acids, Bases, and pH

  22. pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution That's SOUR!!

  23. pH Scale • At a pH of 7, the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions are equal • Ranges from 0-14 Acidic Basic

  24. Solutions below7 are acidic because they have more H+ ions than pure water

  25. Solutions above 7 are called basic, because they have less H+ ions than pure water

  26. Substances that prevent sharp sudden changes in pH The body helps maintain homeostasis by using buffers Buffers Blood pH is 6.5-7.5

  27. 2.3 Carbon Compounds

  28. What’s so great about Carbon? • It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements! • It can also bond with itself, forming long chains and rings Click me!

  29. Carbon bonds with... • Hydrogen • Carbon • Nitrogen • Oxygen • Phosphorus • Sulfur

  30. The Macromolecules • Monomers bond together to make a polymer • Like a chain of molecules Click me!

  31. 4 major macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic acids • Proteins

  32. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, and O, with a ratio of 1:2:1.

  33. Carb Function? • Main source of energy for all cellular activity • Provides structure for plants and animals • Humans store extra sugar as glycogen

  34. Single sugar molecule Smallest is glucose Examples include: Glucose Galactose Fructose Monosaccharides

  35. Polysaccharides Large Macromolecules Glycogen Cellulose released from liver when blood sugar is low give plants strength

  36. LIPIDS • Not soluble in H2O (hydrophobic) • Mostly carbon and hydrogen • Include fats, oils, steroids, and waxes

  37. Lipid Function? Used to store energy Part of cell membranes Waterproofing

  38. Lipids... • Form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids • Saturated (no carbon-carbon double bonds) fat is bad for you!

  39. Nucleic Acids • Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous • Are polymers assembled from nucleotides. • Store and transmit genetic information • Include RNA & DNA

  40. 5-carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base Nucleic acids consist of : Click Me!

  41. Proteins • contain hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen • are polymers of amino acids • are among the most diverse macromolecules

  42. Amino Acids are

  43. Protein function? • Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes • Form bone and muscle • Transport substances into or out of cells • Help to fight disease

  44. Levels of organization • 1st is sequence of amino acids in a protein chain • 2nd is if the amino acids are twisted or folded • 3rd is if the chain is folded

  45. 1. Carbohydrates = Monosaccharide Monosaccharide + = H2O Disaccharide + ____

  46. 2. Lipids = Alcohol 3 Fatty Acids + = 3 H2O Fat Molecule +_________

  47. 3. Proteins = Amino Acid Amino Acid + = Dipeptide + _____ H2O

  48. 2.4 Chemical Reactions & Enzymes • Chemical reactions change one set of chemicals into another • Reactants Products • Chem rxns always involve bond changes! Rust!

  49. How do you start a reaction? ACTIVATION ENERGY Paper will only burn if lit with a match! Good thing!

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