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MPW 1153

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MPW 1153

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    1. MPW 1153 Week 7: Religious Views on Morality

    2. Religions Week 7: Hinduism and Buddhism Week 8: Confucianism and Taoism Week 9: Sikhism and Islam Week 10: Judaism and Christianity

    3. Hinduism

    4. Basics Oldest ‘religion’ Based on the ??? (Vedas) Dharma = the moral and social order

    5. Hindu Hierarchy of Values GOOD Happiness Health Survival Progeny Pleasure Peace Friendship Knowledge Truth

    6. Vedic Moral Ideals Truthfulness Giving Restraint Austerity Affection and gratitude Fidelity Forgiveness Non-thieving Non-cheating Justice Avoiding injury

    7. HIGHEST “GOOD” TOTAL HARMONY OF THE COSMIC OR NATURAL ORDER (“RITA”)

    8. General Principles according to Swami Vivekananda Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or psychic control, or philosophy—by one, or more, or all of these—and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details. So long as even a single dog in my country is without food my whole religion is to feed it and serve it, anything excluding that is unreligious. Arise, awake and stop not till the goal is reached. Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man. Religion is the manifestation of divinity already in man. Serving man is serving God.

    9. Brahmanical Hindu Ethics The Four Vedas are ultimate authority of the religion. (they were passed down thru oral tradition- shruti) Principles of gods relating to gods serve as guides for us Social Order (colors, ‘varna’) divides society into functional divisions Brahmana (religious people, educators) Kshatriya (administrators, defense officials) Vaishya (farmers, economists) Shudra (slaves, menial labourers)

    10. Problems Social order leads to a system of subdivision (or castes), making them into an institution for discrimination based on birth. Brahmins exploit this system. Max Weber says: “The Vedas do not contain a rational ethics.”

    11. 1. Classical Hindu Ethics Ashrama (Life-cycle) Dharma (Duty) Karma (Action-effect) Purusharthas (Human Ends)

    12. THE ASHRAMA (Life Cycle)

    13. Renunciation

    14. DHARMA (Duty) Uniquely Indian Vague, but might mean ‘ordinance’, ‘usage’, ‘duty’, ‘right’, ‘justice’, ‘morality’, ‘virtue’, ‘religion’, ‘good work’. Order in nature Ethical rules governing society Universal duties

    15. KARMA (Action-effect) Effects of Action X might show itself at a later time X might combine with the effect of Y to generate a compound effect in a future moment, and this might cause another action, Z. Effect of Z might be pleasurable (sukha) or painful/suffering (dukkha), but this is the effect of the causal network, which is a manifestation of dharma. According to Karma, there is reincarnation. Merits will be rewarded, demerits will bring punishment. When the soul (atma) has redeemed all its sins, it reaches the moksha stage, of high spiritual freedom Moksha can only be attained when a person’s atma combines with BRAHMAN. This is done thru meditation and practice of Yoga.

    16. 2. Upanishadic Ethics Hindu ethics and teachings are found in the four Vedas Rig Veda Yajur Veda Atharva Veda Soma Veda

    18. 3. Smarta Ethics More legal and doctrinal All laws and rules and ethics can be divided into: Neutral (can be chosen) Obligatory (cannot be chosen)

    19. Hindu Gods and Deities The greatest god is Brahman

    22. Hindu Celebrations Thai (tenth month of the Hindu calendar) Pusam (name of a bright star) Fulfilling one’s vows Their god drives away ignorance Deepavali (Deepam [Lamp], Vali [Row]) God protecting human beings from sickness and harm Hindus reassess their behavior and actions in order to improve themselves Good and noble obtaining victory over bad and evil

    23. Weaknesses Teaches that all religions lead to Brahman, but why is there ‘Hindu extremism’? Perpetrates Caste system of discrimination No certainty of attaining ‘oneness/union’ with Brahman. Few attain such a level. Everyone else doomed to repeat the cycle God reduced to no more than the Self. Is there are a greater Being or Force out there?

    24. Buddhism

    25. General Ideas Northern Indian prince (now known as Nepal) Prince Siddhartha left palace at 29, attained ‘Enlightenment’ at age 35. Disturbed by Indian social caste system Tried to meditate and renounce Used a technique that focused on Impermanence Suffering Egolessness Taught for 45 years Buddha = “Enlightened One”

    26. Vinaya Pitaka regulations for Buddhist Priests Sutta Pitaka foundation of Buddha’s teachings Abhidhamma Pitaka Systematic doctrine

    27. Buddhist Ethics Four Noble Truths Life is full of suffering (dukkha) The origin of suffering is attachment The release from suffering is possible The path to the release from suffering is: Eightfold Path

    28. Eightfold Path

    29. Buddhist Teachings and Human Development Many aspects similar to Hinduism Believes in concept of Karma Accepts reincarnation Buddha did not answer any question which required proof and which could not be detected by the human senses Buddhists are concerned with karma and rebirth

    30. Weaknesses No God, no supreme deity in control of the universe. But who decides what is right and wrong in karma? Attaining ‘nirvana’ is personal and egoistical. All actions are done for personal ‘good karma’ What are the concepts of ‘right’? Buddha was not god, but people worship him as a god/Boddhisiva. Is that right or wrong?

    31. Conclusion Every bad action has a bad effect Human suffering is caused by desires Connecting to the Divine is the answer to man’s problems The practice of spirituality is important in knowing what is right/wrong

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