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Farm forestry in South-Western France. The forest: the permanent part of the farm in a changing rural society? The examp

Farm forestry in South-Western France. The forest: the permanent part of the farm in a changing rural society? The example - the “Coteaux de Gascogne”. Sourdril A. 1 , du Bus de Warnaffe G. 1 , Deconchat M. 1 , Garine E. 2 , Balent G. 1 1 UMR DYNAFOR, INRA Toulouse (France)

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Farm forestry in South-Western France. The forest: the permanent part of the farm in a changing rural society? The examp

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  1. Farm forestry in South-Western France.The forest: the permanent part of the farm in a changing rural society?The example - the “Coteaux de Gascogne” Sourdril A.1, du Bus de Warnaffe G.1, Deconchat M.1, Garine E.2, Balent G.1 1UMR DYNAFOR, INRA Toulouse (France) 2UR SICOMOR, INRA Toulouse (France) Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  2. Private forests in Europe: structure of landscape and preservation of biodiversity A particular area: the « Coteaux de Gascogne » in South-Western France Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  3. Woodlots Spatial heterogeneity and ecological structures Social determinants of the forest’s exploitation P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-4 P-4 P-4 P-4 P-4 P-4 No felling Felling 1938-1948 Felling 1949-1959 No felling Felling 1938-1948 Felling 1949-1959 No felling Felling 1938-1948 Felling 1949-1959 No felling Felling 1982-1992 Felling 1993-2003 No felling Felling 1982-1992 Felling 1993-2003 No felling Felling 1982-1992 Felling 1993-2003 No felling Felling 1960-1970 Felling 1971-1981 No felling Felling 1960-1970 Felling 1971-1981 No felling Felling 1960-1970 Felling 1971-1981 Spatial heterogeneity is studied both at the land-scape scale, i.e. between-woodlots variability in areas, distances and species composition, and at the woodlot scale (3D organisation of species or of trees according to guilds or to structuring factors). The link between these spatial scales is studied through forest fragmentation history and between-wood dispersion. Spatial heterogeneity is studied both at the land-scape scale, i.e. between-woodlots variability in areas, distances and species composition, and at the woodlot scale (3D organisation of species or of trees according to guilds or to structuring factors). The link between these spatial scales is studied through forest fragmentation history and between-wood dispersion. 1986-88 1986-88 1986-88 1985 1985 1985 1986-88 1986-88 1986-88 Cutting zones in « Paguère ». Cutting zones in « Paguère ». Cutting zones in « Paguère ». 1985 1985 1985 <1938 <1938 <1938 1989 1989 1989 P-1 P-1 P-1 2000 2000 2000 <1938 <1938 <1938 1989 1989 1989 1999 1999 1999 P-2 P-2 P-2 1982-85 1982-85 1982-85 <1938 <1938 <1938 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 1995 (selective) 1995 (selective) 1995 (selective) 2000 2000 2000 P-3 P-3 P-3 1999 1999 1999 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-2 P-2 1982-85 1982-85 1982-85 <1938 <1938 <1938 1995 (selective) 1995 (selective) 1995 (selective) P-3 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-3 P-4 P-4 P-4 1960 1960 1960 P-4 P-4 P-4 P-4 P-4 P-4 P-4 P-4 P-4 1960 1960 1960 1938-1959 1938-1959 1938-1959 1960-1981 1960-1981 1960-1981 1982-2003 1982-2003 1982-2003 1938-1959 1938-1959 1938-1959 1960-1981 1960-1981 1960-1981 1982-2003 1982-2003 1982-2003 No felling Felling 1960-1970 Felling 1971-1981 No felling Felling 1960-1970 Felling 1971-1981 No felling Felling 1960-1970 Felling 1971-1981 No felling Felling 1938-1948 Felling 1949-1959 No felling Felling 1938-1948 Felling 1949-1959 No felling Felling 1938-1948 Felling 1949-1959 No felling Felling 1982-1992 Felling 1993-2003 No felling Felling 1982-1992 Felling 1993-2003 No felling Felling 1982-1992 Felling 1993-2003 We analyse the cutting regimes through inquiries (mental maps), aerial photographs and field observations. The periodicity, size and standards maintainance differ according to the owner and to the woodland. We analyse the cutting regimes through inquiries (mental maps), aerial photographs and field observations. The periodicity, size and standards maintainance differ according to the owner and to the woodland. We analyse the cutting regimes through inquiries (mental maps), aerial photographs and field observations. The periodicity, size and standards maintainance differ according to the owner and to the woodland. We also study the spatial heterogeneity in territory’s social organisation (size of property units, social networks, etc). We also study the spatial heterogeneity in territory’s social organisation (size of property units, social networks, etc). The forests of the “Coteaux de Gascogne”: a field of interdisciplinary researches Practices and cutting regimes Biodiversity: study of nesting birds, vascular plants and Diptera syrphidae Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  4. Biodiversity and landscape: determinants? Environmental Factors • Who are the actors involved in the private forest? • 17% of French private forests, and more than 50% in the South-Western, = « Farm forest » (wooded area owned by farmers or managed by them: Normandin, 1996), • Determinants of landscape and biodiversity: mainly forest practices of the farmers, which are influenced by agricultural practices(Sourdril & du Bus, 2003), • What is the evolution of agriculture, who are the farmers and how does the evolution of agriculture influence the forest’s exploitation? Private forest: Biodiversity & Landscape Forest Practices Actors ! Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  5. Characteristics of the agriculture in the “Coteaux de Gascogne”: small family farms • Domestic agriculture based on mixed farming, • Actors : family farms (parents and child) + farmer neighbors (mutual aid), • Farms of 40 to 150 ha ; fields of 0,5 to 20 ha; herds of 60 to 150 cattle, Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  6. Small family farms and farm forests • Woodlots of 0,5 to 6 ha which provide: • Firewood (important heating system and short-term income), timber (uses for construction or renovation or long-term income), • Stakes, food for cattle (in relation with agricultural activities), • Mushrooms, game for hunting. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  7. Small family farms and farm forests: a fragmented landscape • Small woodlots are isolated in a matrix of pastures and crop fields. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  8. Agriculture abandonment and social becoming of farm forests • According to statistical studies farm forests seems to be declining since 1980 because of the agriculture abandonment: during the transmission, farm forests are more and more dissociated from the farm and become simply private forests (Cinotti & Normandin, 2002), • What is the agriculture abandonment: a rural exodus and a decrease of the number of farms and farmers on an area, • The “Coteaux de Gascogne” isan area of high level agriculture abandonment: what is its influence on the future of the forest?  Studying the evolution of one’s local and rural society and the transmission of farm and forest: a field of work for an ethnologic study. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  9. Intergenerational change and forest practices: the gap of transmission • Evolution of agriculture, rural societies and transmission of agricultural inheritance (farm and forest):what are the influences on the forest management and the potential consequences on biodiversity and landscape? • Transmission of the farm and the forest from father to son(s), • Transmissions observed on 3 levels(Jacques-Jouvenot, 1997): (1) inheritance, (2) practices, knowledge and know-how and (3) reallocations of social statuses. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  10. The household: a whole of goods, social statuses and interactions. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  11. A particular way of transmission in South-western France: the household centered system • Transmission of agricultural inheritance: difference between “succession” (transfer of social status) and “inheritance” (transfer of goods) (Augustins, 1989), • Traditional and regional ways of transmissions of succession and inheritance due to social logics of reproduction of rural societies, • In South-Western France: the household centered system: keep the integrity of the property transmission of succession and inheritance from the father to one child (mostly the eldest son). Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  12. What is transmitted from father to son and when? • Transmissions from father to sonat the retirement or the death of the father, • According to sociological studies made in different areas in France (Nougarède, 1999): • Transmission of the farm at the retirement of the father and of the forest at the death of the father, • So, transmission of social statuses: • the forest is the domain of the retired father, • the farm is the domain of the active son, • Transmission of roles and knowledge during the retirement of the father. • What is happening in a local rural society with household centered system? Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  13. A general objective: understand the evolution of a rural society and its implication on the forest • We try to understand: • The evolution of a rural and local society with household centered system: how the traditional scheme of reproduction of this society evolves? • The implication of this evolution on the agriculture: how the agriculture reveals this evolution and how the agriculture influences it? • And then what are the influences of the evolution of this society and of the agriculture on the forests’ transmission and exploitation. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  14. Methodology • 2 villages (2012 ha and 180 inhabitants; 884 ha and 121 inhabitants), • 5 families and farms (A, B, C, D and E): 11 informants (5 fathers and 6 sons). •  A constant presence of the ethnologist on a continuous and local area during 12 months (interviews, observations and monographic study). Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  15. Eldest son Other child Other goods in compensation Transmission of inheritance (1) • Before WW2: • Family B: • Family A, D & E: Daughters get married with farmers who are going to take care of the forest Dowry for daughters Eldest son • 2 times of the transmission: • Farm  retirement of the father • Forest  death of the father Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  16. Jointly-owned property Eldest son or GAEC Eldest son Other goods in compensation & education opportunities Other child Transmission of inheritance (2) • Nowadays: • Family B & D: • Family A, C & E: No dowry anymore but… • 2 times: • Farm retirement of the father but just given as disposal, effective transmission at the death of the father like the… • Forest  death of the father Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  17. Evolution of the roles in the forestTimber’s and firewood’s exploitations • Before WW2: • According to the informants, at the time of their retirement fathers were owners and did the main forest work with people of the same age (wife, neighbors…) • Time of the retirement of the father : sharing out of activities: forest more the domain of the father than of the son? • Nowadays: • All the fathers are owners: are they the main managers?  Classification in 3 types to categorize the role of father and son in forest. • Both father and son have their role in the forest. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  18. Transmission of knowledge and discrepancies (1) • Sharing out of forest practices but discrepanciesand differences  fathers do not always agree with forest practices of their sons (using chemicals for the clearing for example) and have not the same manner to do the same things, like: On the left the cutting of firewood of the father and on the right the one of the son Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  19. Transmission of knowledge and discrepancies (2) • A matter of knowledge: • Mixing of popular knowledge and institutional knowledge for both father and son but father gives more importance to the first one. • Difference in the forests’ strategies, • Forest depend on agricultural strategies: • The exploitation of the forest depends on the agricultural production strategies and the need for its products for agricultural activities (stakes, food for cattle), • Different agricultural strategies for both father and son. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  20. Discussion: Transmission of inheritance, changes and adaptation (1) • A willing to continue past habits of transmission of inheritance: • No more dowry and daughters do not marry farmers: who is going to take care of the forest? • Transmission of the forest as jointly-owned property between son and daughter: part of the forest for the daughter and son is going to exploit it. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  21. Discussion: Transmission of inheritance, changes and adaptation (2) • A willing to keep the property’s integrity: • Forest and farm transmitted together to one son “the forest must follow the farm”, • or to several sons in GAEC : adaptation to give equal property to 2 sons. • Times of the transmission: • Which seems to be the same (farm at the retirement and forest at the death of the father) but… • Farm is just given as disposal at the retirement of the father: • Before father lived with his son in the house and on the property but it is not the case nowadays,  Father who keeps his property until his death in order to look after the agricultural activities? Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  22. Discussion: Who practices what? • Before WW2, forest practices: father and mutual aid, • Nowadays, forest practices: father and son no mutual aid anymore. •  Change in agricultural and forest work (modernization and decrease of mutual aid) and in the organization of rural society, so change in who practices in forest. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  23. Discussion: transmission of knowledge and influence of the agricultural strategies (1) • Opposite knowledge between father and son correspond to different technical strategies on farm and forest and leads to discrepancies between their practices. • Are these discrepancies between generations structurally generated by the traditional system? Or do they reveal a transformation of the local society? Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  24. Discussion: transmission of knowledge and influence of the agricultural strategies (2) • A transformation of the agricultural strategies which do not correspond to the ideal representation farmers have of themselves and of their works: • The farm: intensive and controlled technical strategies of production of the son but which was brought into operation by the father  strategies rejected by the father and sometimes by the son who is under it. • The forest: a place the father and sometimes the son want to be the opposite of the farm: a non-controlled area with non-intensive activities? Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  25. Transmission of inheritance, knowledge and social status G.-Father Father Son Next? Prospects • Transmission to another son? • But what is happening when there is no potential successor (no children or children who live elsewhere) frequent case with the “agriculture abandonment”, • First, fields sold or rented to farmer neighbors, • Second, the house more and more sold to non-agricultural people (neo-country people), • Forests are rarely sold and never rented, sometimes they are transmitted to another member of the family.  Forest = a constant link to rural society, land and agriculture? Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  26. Prospects • This research can provide the basis for projects of rural development and durability, • According to this research, forests can not be studied without understanding the relationship between farm and farmland and forest: • The roles of the institutions of conceal: • They need to understand the links between popular or farm forestry and farm. • It can provide a way of better understanding between small farmers and the actors of rural development. Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

  27. Thank you for your attention Sourdril, du Bus, Deconchat, Garine, Balent, INRA Toulouse (France). Contact: sourdril@toulouse.inra.fr

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