Water and Major Minerals

1. Water and Major Minerals Chapter 14

5. Functions of Water • Maintenance of blood volume • Transport of nutrients and oxygen • Fluid synthesis • Lubricant in knees and joints • Solvent in metabolic processes • Temperature Regulation • Specific Heat • Waste Product Removal • urea

6. Water Sources & Needs • Water in Foods • Sweetened beverages provide little satiety and few micronutrients • Needs • Vary with body size, physical activity, environmental conditions and dietary intake • AI: 15 cups adult men, 11 cups adult women • Based on 80% fluid intake, 20% food intake • Needs met when intake = output

8. Regulation of Water Balance • Small losses are compensated for • Body’s response to loss of water • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) • Renin-angiotensin system • Aldosterone • Dehydration • signs • Water Toxicity • Hyponatremia

16. Minerals in Foods • Both plants and animal sources • Bioavailability • Body adjusts mineral absorption to our needs • Megadosing can alter absorption of other minerals • Fiber affects absorption

17. Overview of Minerals • Major versus Trace Minerals • Food Sources • Absorption, Transport, and Excretion • Bioavailability • Phytic acid, oxalic acid, polyphenols • Role of gastric acidity • Functions • Deficiencies • Calcium, potassium, magnesium , iron, zinc, and iodine • Toxicity

18. Sodium • Foods • Grains, processed foods, soups and sauces • Needs • AI: 1,500mg (under age 51) • DV: 2,400mg • Absorption, Transportation, Storage, and Excretion

20. Sodium (2) • Functions • Absorption of glucose and some amino acids • Normal muscle and nerve function • Water balance • Deficiency • Rare (hyponatremia) • Excessive perspiration, diarrhea, vomiting • Excess and Upper Level • UL: 2,300mg

21. Potassium • Foods • Unprocessed foods: fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains • Needs • AI: 4,700mg • DV: 3,500mg • Typical US adult intake falls below both • Absorption, Transportation , Storage, and Excretion

23. Potassium (2) • Functions • Major cation inside cells • High intake suppresses renin-angiotensis system and promotes excretion of sodium • Deficiency • Hypokalemia (life-threatening) • Depletion by some diuretics • Excess and Upper Level • Hyperkalemia (also life-threatening) • In poor kidney function • No UL set

24. Chloride • Foods • Salt (NaCl) • Needs • AI: 2,300mg • Absorption, Transportation, Storage, and Excretion • Functions • Main anion in extracellular fluid • Nerve impulse transmission, HCl, immune response, acid-base balance • Deficiency • UL: 3,600mg

25. Major Minerals and Health Hypertension: high blood pressure Increases risk for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease Risk factors for hypertension: Obesity High sodium intake Lack of physical activity Excess alcohol intake Race Age Family history

28. Sodium • Dietary recommendations • Daily intake less than 2,300 mg/d • Daily intake less than 1,500 mg/d for persons 51 and older • Limit consumption of foods that contain refined grains, especially those that contain solid fats, added sugars, and sodium

33. Calcium • Foods • Dairy, fortified foods, green leafy vegetables • Bioavailability issues • Needs • RDA: 1,000mg to 1,200mg, 1,300mg in adolescents • U.S. intake is 720mg to 1,195mg • Calcium supplements • Absorption, Transportation, Storage, and Excretion • Blood calcium levels regulated tightly

37. Functions of Calcium • Bone development and maintenance • Cortical and trabecular bone • Bone remodeling • Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts • Blood clotting • Transmission of nerve impulses to target cells • Tetany • Muscle contraction • Cell metabolism • Calmodulin system

40. Calcium Functions Bone structure Hydroxyapatite Bone cells Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Reserve of calcium and phosphorus

43. Calcium • Potential health benefits of calcium • Colon cancer prevention • Protects against formation of oxalate kidney stones • Blood pressure • Upper Level • 2500mg • Hypercalcemia can lead to kidney stones

44. Risk Factors You Cannot Change Gender. Women have less bone tissue and lose bone faster than men because of the changes that happen with menopause. Age. The older you are, the greater your risk of osteoporosis. Your bones become thinner and weaker as you age. Body size. Small, thin-boned women are at greater risk for developing osteoporosis than larger women. Ethnicity. Caucasian and Asian women are at the highest risk of developing the disease. African-American and Hispanic women have a lower, but still significant, risk. Family history. Your risk for fractures may be due, in part, to heredity. People whose parents have a history of fractures also seem to have reduced bone mass and may be at risk for fractures themselves.

45. Risk Factors You Can Change Sex hormones. Abnormal absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea), low estrogen levels (menopause), and low testosterone levels in men . Anorexia nervosa. Characterized by an irrational fear of weight gain, this eating disorder increases your risk for osteoporosis. Calcium and vitamin D intake. A lifetime diet low in calcium and vitamin D makes you more prone to bone loss. Medication use. Long-term use of glucocorticoids and some anticonvulsants can lead to loss of bone density. Lifestyle. An inactive lifestyle or extended bed rest weakens bone. Cigarette smoking. Cigarettes are bad for the bones as well as the heart and lungs. Alcohol intake. Excessive consumption of alcohol increases the risk of bone loss and fractures.

46. Osteoporosis • Bone Loss • Normal/low bone mass: osteopenia • Very low bone mass: osteoporosis • Kyphosis (Dowager’s hump) • Diagnosis • DEXA bone scan • Prevention • Bone building nutrients • Active lifestyle with weight-bearing activities • Not smoking • Drug therapy