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Biosafty of Ziziphus Lotus Extract as Hair and Body Wash: An Animal Study

Biosafty of Ziziphus Lotus Extract as Hair and Body Wash: An Animal Study. This study was supported by Al Moalim Mohamed Bin Ladin Chair for Scientific Miracles of Prophetic Medicine College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA. Archives Des Sciences Vol 66, No. 5; May 2013.

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Biosafty of Ziziphus Lotus Extract as Hair and Body Wash: An Animal Study

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  1. Biosafty of Ziziphus Lotus Extract as Hair and Body Wash: An Animal Study • This study was supported by Al Moalim Mohamed Bin Ladin Chair for Scientific Miracles of Prophetic Medicine • College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA

  2. Archives Des Sciences Vol 66, No. 5; May 2013 Biosafty of Ziziphus Lotus Extract as Hair and Body Wash: An Animal Study Bassem Y. Sheikh1,2 and Wael M. Elsaed1,3,4 1: MABL Chair for Scientific Miracles of Prophetic Medicine. 2: Department of Surgery and 3: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Kingdom of Saudi Arab. 4 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt. Prof Soliman Ali Hassan Professor of Surgery Member of Al Moalim Mohamed Bin Ladin Chair for Scientific Miracles of Prophetic Medicine College of Medicine Taibah University, KSA

  3. صور واسماء شجرة السدرZIZIPHUS • الاسم العربى: السِدْر‎ = العُنَاب‎ = النبق‏ • الاسم العلمي ‏‎(ألمانى) Ziziphus lotus‎ • انجليزي‎ ‎ ‎ Jujube tree ‎ :‎فرنسي: ‎ ‎ ‎ Le jujube‎‎ تركي: ‎ ‎ hünnap ‎فارسي: ‏‎ ‎ العُنَاب

  4. Rhamnaceae الفصيلة السِدْرية • السدر أو النبق يضم شجيرات وأشجار صحراوية ذات أوراق كثيفة يصل ارتفاعها في بعض الأحيان الى 12 مترا. • السِدْر يزهر في فصل الربيع و الخريف‏‎ • يوجد‎ ‎ ‎عالميا حوالي 40 نوعا‏من السِدْر • يعيش السدر أو النبق في المناطق الجبلية وعلى ضفاف الأنهار وينتشر بشكل واسع في منطقة حوض البحرالأبيض المتوسط • كما يوجد ايضا فى جزيرة العرب وبلاد الشام

  5. مكانة شجرة السدر في الإسلام • شجرة السدر لها منزلة كبيرة في الإسلام حيث ورد ذكرها في القرآن الكريم 4 مرات • كما كرمها الله عز وجل بأن جعل سدرة المنتهى في أعلى مراتب الجنة عند عرش الرحمن • وقد نهي الرسول الكريم «صلى الله عليه وسلم» عن قطع أشجار السدر البرية وحذر من عاقبة ذلك، فقد جاء في سنن أبى داود عن عبدالله بن حبشي، قال : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : «من قطع سدرة صوب الله رأسه في النار».

  6. وسئل أبو داود عن معنى هذا الحديث فقال : هذا الحديث مختصر، يعنى أن من قطع سدرة في فلاة يستظل بها ابن السبيل والبهائم عبثا وظلما بغير حق، صوب الله رأسه في النار. • وفى قول أخر من قطع سدر الحرم( الراوي: عبدالله بن حبشي • - المصدر: مجمع الزوائد - الصفحة أو الرقم 3/287

  7. وجاء في «أسباب النزول للسيوطي» عن آيات سورة الواقعة(الآيات من 27 - 38) عما أعد الله عز وجل لأهل اليمين في الجنة : «أن أهل الطائف كانوا يعجبون بواد عندهم يسمى «وج» وكان وافر الظلال كثير أشجار الطلح والسدر وكانوا يسمعون عن الجنة ووصفها ونعيمها، فقالوا : «ياليت لنا في الجنة مثل هذا الوادي»، فأنزل الله سبحانه وتعالى : {وأصحاب اليمين ما أصحاب اليمين في سدر مخضود وطلح منضود وظل ممدود وماء مسكوب وفاكهة كثيرة لا مقطوعة ولا ممنوعة وفرش مرفوعة إنا أنشأناهن إنشاء فجعلناهن أبكارا عربا أترابا لأصحاب اليمين}. • وقد جاء في المعنى «سدر» أنه شجر كثير الظل، و «مخضود» أي لا شوك فيه.

  8. ويقول الحق تبارك وتعالى في سورة «النجم» (الآيات13-16) : • ( وَلَقَدْ رَآهُ نَزْلَةً أُخْرَى (13)عِنْدَ سِدْرَةِ الْمُنْتَهَى(14)عِنْدَهَا جَنَّةُ الْمَأْوَى(15)إِذْ يَغْشَى السِّدْرَةَ مَا يَغْشَى (16) مَا زَاغَ الْبَصَرُ وَمَا طَغَى (17) لَقَدْ رَأَى مِنْ ءَايَاتِ رَبِّهِ الْكُبْرَى (18) • وقد قيل إن «سدرة المنتهى» هي شجرة «نبق» عن يمين العرش لا يتجاوزها أحد من الملائكة (والله أعلم). • هكذا ورد ذكر «شجرة السدر» في القرآن الكريم على أنها من شجر الجنة -- أعدها الله سبحانه وتعالى لعباده المؤمنين.

  9. وقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في حديث المعراج المشهور لما عرج به جبريل إلى السماء حتى دخل السماء السابعة قال : ثُمَّ رُفِعَتْ إِلَيَّ سِدْرَةُ الْمُنْتَهَى فَإِذَا نَبْقُهَا مِثْلُ قِلالِ هَجَرَ وَإِذَا وَرَقُهَا مِثْلُ آذَانِ الْفِيَلَةِ .. " رواه البخاري ص 3598

  10. فوائد أشجار السدر • تؤكل ثمار السدر لأنها حلوة المذاق مرتفعة القيمة الغذائية وتعتبر من أنواع الفاكهة المتميزة. • كما أن لها استخدامات في الطب الشعبى فهي مفيدة في حالات أمراض الصدر والتنفس وهي مسهلة ومنقية للدم. • وقد أكد علماء التغذية أن مسحوق ثمار النبق يماثل الحبوب في القيمة الغذائية. وقديما كان الناس يجففون ثمار السدر ويطحنوها في مطاحن خاصة بها ومن ثم استخدام دقيقها في صنع الخبز وأنواع من الحلوى.

  11. أما بالنسبة لأوراق السدر فإنها تستخدم لعلاج الجرب والبثور. • ومنقوع الأوراق مفيد في علاج آلام المفاصل وجبر الكسور والتهاب الفم واللثة. • أما أزهار شجرة «السدر» فإن نحل العسل يرعى عليها ويتغذى على رحيقها وينتج منها عسلاً جيداً ذا قيمة غذائية عالية يسمى عسل السدروهو من أغلى أنواع العسل البري. • كما يستخدم مغلي قلف الأشجار كمسكن لآلام الأسنان وملطف للحرارة ومقوي عام.

  12. يغلى ورقها في ماءويشرب لقتل الديدان في الامعاءوتنقية الدم • تستعمل أوراق السدر في تنظيف فروة الرأس وتعقيمها، وتجعل الشعر أكثر نعومة وتكسبه لونا بهيجا، وقد أثبتت التجارب أن خلاصة ورق السدر تعالج فطريات الرأس • ويحتوي ورق السدر على مادة دبغية وملونة تستعمل في دبغ الجلود وتلوين الملابس قديماً.

  13. يستخدم منقوع اللحاء الخارجي لاشجار السدر كمسهل لعلاج الامساك و على أنه محفز و منشط لانقباضات الأمعاء و القولون • يجب تخزين لحاءالسدر لمدة سنة على الاقل بعد تجفيفه و قبل استخدامه للتقليل من تأثير المكونات التي تسبب المغص و التقيىء الشديدين.

  14. وتستخدم أشجار السدر للزينة والظل في الحدائق والشوارع. • كما تزرع كمصدات للرياح وحماية للتربة من الانجراف. وخشبها جيد قوى متعدد الاستعمالات.

  15. الانواع الرحيقية من السدر • ‎ ‎شجرة الضَال‏‎الاسم العلمي‏‎ Ziziphus lotus ‎‎شجرة برية تتواجد في البلدان‎ ‎العربية‏‎تصل طولها خمسة امتار‎لون زهر‎ ‎شجرة الضَال‎ ‎اصفر فاتحوالاغصان مشوكة

  16. شجرة النَبَق • ‏‎الاسم العلمي Christi ‏‎ Ziziphus Spinaالاسم الانجليزي ‏‎ Christ's Thorn ‎تصل طول الشجرة الى ستة امتار‏‎تزهر فى‎ شهر‎يونيو الى اغسطس ‏‎الثمار تنضج فى اكتوبر الى‎ ‎ديسمبر

  17. شجرة العُنَاب‎ • الاسم الفارسى = العنابالسِدْر الصيني‏‎ Chinese Date الاسم العلمي Ziziphus vulgaris‎ = Ziziphus sativa يصل ارتفاع الشجرة الى 10 م‏ العُنَاب ‎ Ziziphus jujuba ‎

  18. السِدْر الهندي‏‎ • الاسم العلمي‏‎ Indian Jujube‏‎ويسمى ايضا‎ ‎السِدْر الموريتاني • Ziziphus Mauritania‎‎ يصل ارتفاع الشجرة الى 12‏‎ ‎ملون الزهر اصفر

  19. سِدْر جنوب افريقيا • يقال انة اجود الانواع الرحيقية عالميا • الاسم العلمي ‏‎ Ziziphus mucronata Wild‎‎انجليزي ‎ Buffalo Thorn ‎أى شوكة‎ ‎الجاموس‏‎يصل ارتفاع سِدْر جنوب افريقيا‏ 10‏‎ ‎مترا‏‎‎ • الزهر اخضر إلى اصفر

  20. Biosafty of Ziziphus Lotus Extract as Hair and Body Wash: An Animal Study • Introduction: • Ziziphus lotus is a tropical evergreen tree with shiny green leaves. • Family: Rhamnaceae • It can reach a height of 2-5 meters and up to 12 meters. • It is abundantly present in the Mediterranean region( Libya , Morocco, Algeria) and southern European countries (Spain, Sicily, Greece and Cyprus)

  21. Scientific Name: • Ziziphus Spina Christi, Christ`s thorn • Arabic Name(s): • Sidr, Nebeq, Zefzoof • The edible fruit is a globose dark yellow 1–1.5 cm diameter called a nabk. • Its common Arabic name is sidr • The plant extract has been studied and its chemical composition is well-known (Ikram et al., 1976 and Aynehchi and Mahoodian, 1973, Younes et al., 1996 and Mahran et al., 1996).

  22. Zizphus lotus (Sidr) tree (Fruits & leaves) is commonly used in traditional medicine for treatment of multiple diseases particularly that of the skin, in wound healing and treatment of boils and furuncles’. . • The emollient properties of the extract are thought to be valuable as a hair and body wash in prolonged use.

  23. The main constituents: • The main constituents of the essential oils are alpha-terpineol (16.4%) and linalool (11.5%); • Of the hydrocarbons are n-pentacosane forms (81%); • Of methyl esters include methyl palmitate, methyl stearate and methyl myristate; • Of aglycones are beta-Sitosterol, oleanolic acid and maslinic acid; • Of alkaloidsinclude: zizyphine-F, jubanine-A and amphibine-H. • The plant leaves also contains saponin glycosides (Mahran et al., 1996; Abdel-Galil and El-Jissry., 1991).

  24. In Animal Studies (Kamil MAM et al. 1994; Ghazanfar 1999): showed that: • The aqueous extract 10% of Ziziphus lotus has a significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities (analgesic)أنشطة مضادة لاستقبال الألم.and anti-ulcerogenic activities have been demonstrated in rodents (Borgi et al. 2007 and Borgi et al. 2008).

  25. Also it has antidiabetic and hypoglycemic effects (Tschesche and Kaubmann, 1975, Anand et al., 1989 and Zakaria et. al., 1999). • The extract was found to be effective in lowering of blood glucose following 5 days administration of the extract to experimental animals. • No toxic signs and symptoms were recorded on acute administration. • No teratogenic and mutagenic effects were observed.

  26. Extracts from different parts of the tree such as Fruits, barks, seeds and leaves arecommonly used in traditional medicine for treatment of several diseases including digestive disorders, general weakness, liver diseases, obesity, urinary troubles, diabetes, skin infections, fever, diarrhea and insomnia (Lahlou et al., 2002).

  27. The leaves of this plant have been used for washing the hair and body and for healing skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (Amin, 1991 and Nafisy, 1989). • In Saudi Arabia it is used for the treatment of ulcers, infected wounds, eye diseases and in bronchitis(Adzu et. al., 2001).

  28. The 10% methanol extract of the stem bark of the plant showed antidiarrheal effects (Adzu et. al., 2003). • Different extracts and fractions of the leaves, fruits and seeds of Ziziphus showed antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial activities (Shaht et. al., 2001).

  29. The current uses of the leaves extract on skinare limited to wound dressing, boils and furuncles treatment. • No studies on prolonged use of the extract on healthy skin are available. • The variable uses and benefits of extract uses made us to think that the use of the leaves extract as hair and body wash will have good results on skin.

  30. Aim of the study • The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of ziziphus lotus extract on healthy skin and hair of rabbits as preliminary step to use it as a regular human head shampoo specified for scalp & hair problems such as hair dandruff, greasy hair or scalp infections as boils or furunclosis.

  31. Materials and methods: • Water extract from the green leaves of the plant was prepared in two concentrations (50% and 100%). • The extract was added to the commercial base of shampoo. • The produced wash was applied to the skin of rabbits. • 12 rabbits were used. • They were divided into 3 groups. • Group I served as the control. • Group II subjected to 50% of the wash and group III to 100%. • The wash was applied for 30 consecutive days then skin samples were collected after animal scarification and examined histologically.

  32. Material and methods • Plant material: • The leaves of Ziziphus lotus were collected from the trees in Almadinah Alnbawiah locality. • Only green apparent healthy leaves were selected for the study.

  33. Preparation of the leaves extract: • The leaves were dried at room temperature until total dehydration. • Dried aerial parts of plants were blended into fine powder and stored in the dark at a dry place. • The powdered part of leaves were extracted in a 1/10 (w/v) of water for 12 h under a continuous reflux set-up in a Soxhlet extractor (hot) or at room temperature (cold) for 24 h (Bouaziz et al. 2009). • The extracts were concentrated by rotary evaporation (Büchi Rotavapor and Büchi Laboratories, Switzerland)at 40°C under vacuum to dryness and the yield of extraction was determined.

  34. All the dried extracts were preserved in the refrigerator until further use. • Plant extracts were dissolved in water before use (Kokate at al., 2003). • Two concentrations of the extract were prepared. • Concentration 1: 50% • Concentration 2: 100%. • They were added to a commercial base of shampoo to form two models of the Sidr hair and body wash.

  35. Animals: • Twelve (12) rabbits were used in this experiment. • These were divided into three groups I, II, III. • Each group included 4 rabbits. • A skin area of 4 cm- 5cm of back of all animals was marked by a permanent ink pen. • Group I served as control and had application of 3 ml. of water daily with a soft brush for 30 days. • Rabbits of group II were applied with 3 ml. of Sidr hair and body wash (Conc. 1= 50%) on the marked area of skin for 30 days daily with a soft brush.

  36. In group III same procedure was used with 3 ml. of the hair and body wash (Conc. 2 = 100%). • After wash application, the test area was covered with a non-occlusive dressing (a gauze patch) and then a semi-occlusive bandage for 24 hours and then washed thoroughly with tape water before next application. • The process in then repeated daily for 30 days. • At the end of the exposure period, any residual test substance was removed by distilled water, and carefully dried (fig. 1 a and b).

  37. Fig. 1 a: Ziziphus hair and body wash applied to skin on the back of the animal after skin shaving at 4 cm- 5cm area of skin. b: After application of the test substance, the test area were covered with a non-occlusive dressing (a gauze patch) and then a semi-occlusive bandage for 24 hours.

  38. Animals follow up • Animals were observed for signs of inflammation and toxicity once daily. • At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed. • The tissue samples from skin of the application area were fixed in neutral buffered formalin solution and latter processed for section cutting at five micron sections. • These were stained with Heamatoxylinand Eosin (Hx & E) and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). • Histological examination of the skin of the tested area was compared to the control.

  39. Results: • Histological examination of the skin sections of group I (the control group) showed the normal histological features of skin. • It was seen to be formed of epidermis with its stratified keratinized squamous epithelium. • Below it, the dermis is rich in collagenous and elastic fibers. • It contains blood vessels and hair follicles (Fig2 a &b).

  40. Histological examination of the skin sections of group I (the control group) Fig. 2 a: Normal skin stained with Hx & E. the epidermis is thin. Dermis is rich in blood vessels and hair follicles. b: Normal skin stained with PAS. The epidermis is thin and rich in bluish stained keratin scales.

  41. Also in the group I (the control group) • The abundant hair follicles in rabbit skin appeared in cross sections formed of external root sheath, internal root sheath and cortex. • The hair itself is seen formed of medulla, cortex and cuticle of the hair (Fig.3 a &b).

  42. Histological examination of the skin sections of group I (the control group) Fig. 3 a: Hair follicle of normal rabbit skin stained with Hx & E. it is formed of external and internal root sheathes and cortex. b: PAS stained sections showed longitudinally lied hairs formed of Keratin filaments.

  43. Animals of group II (50% Ziziphus extract conc.) showed no signs of allergy or discomfort as compared to the controls. • Naked eye examination of the tested area of skin did not show any signs of inflammation (redness or oedema). • No congestion of the dermal blood vessels was observed. • None of the inflammatory cells was seen invading the dermal tissue (Fig. 4 a &b).

  44. Histological examination of the skin sections of group II Fig. 4 a: Group II skin section stained with Hx& E showing almost normal skin. b: PAS stained section showing normal dermis with normal hair follicle.

  45. Group III (100% Ziziphus extract conc.) • In contrast, group III (100% Ziziphus extract conc.) showed signs of inflammation of the skin in the form of epidermal thickness, congestion of the dermal blood vessels with extravasations of the red blood cells. • Inflammatory cells (plasma cells and eosinophilis) are seen invading the tissues around the blood vessels (Fig. 5 a, b & c).

  46. Histological examination of the skin sections of group III Fig. 5 a: Hx& E skin section of group III showing thickened epidermis and congestion of the dermal blood vessels. b: PAS stained section at higher magnification showing small areas of hemorrhage in the dermis. C: PAS stained section shows inflammatory cells invading the nearby area close to the blood vessels.

  47. Group III (100% Ziziphus extract conc.) • Higher magnifications showed thickness of the external root sheath of the hair follicle. • Hair shafts showed no changes compared to the controls (Fig6 a & b).

  48. Histological examination of the skin sections of group III Fig.6 a: Hx & E stained section of group III shows hair follicles with thickened external root sheath compared to the control group. b: PAS higher magnification no changes in the hair shaft compared to the other groups.

  49. Discussion: • Corneal layer thickness is one of the measures to assess the efficiency of body washes and shampoos (Groux and Bensignor, 2000). • Our experiment showed that the 50% conc. of sidr skin and body wash did not change the thickness of the epidermis as a whole. • However higher concentration (100%) increased the thickness of the epidermis (Fig. 6 a & b).

  50. In our study on experimental animals, the Ziziphus extract at 50 % proved to be safe on the histological level of the skin. • Oils in Ziziphus (alpha-terpineol and linalool) are helpful to soften and rehydrate the skin, and reduce transcutaneous water loss. • It also helps softening and moisturizing the skin.

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