Unit 2: History and Institutional Structures of Road Safety Management

1. Unit 2: History and Institutional Structures of Road Safety Management

2. Tracking your way through Road Safety 101 Unit 2: The History and Institutional Structures of Road Safety Management Module 1: The Foundation for Road Safety Management Policy Module 2: Safety Management Roles and Responsibilities Module 3: Road Safety Education Opportunities Module 4: Funding Sources, Requirements, and Opportunities 1

3. The Foundation for Road Safety Management Policy LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the legislative initiatives, program development and delivery structures, research initiatives, and other factors that have shaped road safety management practices.

4. Major Topics • Key Events and Legislation • Federal Programs Established in the 70’s and 80’s • Current Structure and Priorities • Road Safety Research Initiatives

5. A History Lesson

6. Road Safety in the 1960s “…Gravest problem before the nation.”

7. Key Events and Legislation

8. Road Safety Legislation – 1960s • 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act • Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards • Research and development • National Driver Register • 1966 Highway Safety Act • Highway safety grant program • Uniform standards • Road user behavior • Governor’s Representatives • Federal/State Partnership

9. Road Safety -- ’70s and ’80s • 1973 Highway Safety Act • Conduct a survey of all hazardous locations. • Study the causes of crashes at those locations. • Conduct a benefit/cost analysis of proposed mitigation strategies at those locations. • Prioritize improvements based on the results of the benefit/cost ratio analysis. • Categorical Funding • Highway-rail grade crossings; • High hazard locations; • Pavement marking demonstration programs; • Elimination of roadside obstacles; and • Federal-aid safer roads demonstration.

10. ’70s and ’80s (cont.) Commercial Motor Vehicles • Crash number and severity • Hazardous materials incidents • FMCSA

11. 1990s Legislation 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century ISTEA TEA-21

12. TEA-21 Safety Conscious Planning SCP

13. Where we are today 2005 Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act – A Legacy for Users Highway Safety Improvement Program Strategic Highway Safety Plan SAFETEA-LU HSIP SHSP

14. Today (cont.) • High-Risk Rural Roads • Highway Rail Grade Crossing • Other Features of SAFETEA-LU • Safe Routes to School • Traffic Records Systems Improvements (Section 408) • Incentive Grants and Transfer Programs (continued from TEA-21)

15. Road Safety Research Initiatives • 1972 – 1977 Indiana Tri-Level Study Crash Factors Human 93% Environmental 34% Vehicle 13%

16. Thinking about Human Factors • Chevrons • Flashing beacons • Rumble strips and stripes • Ambulance service • Trauma centers

17. Road Safety Research Initiatives • National Academies of Science • Transportation Research Board (TRB) • National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) • AASHTO • FHWA • TRB

18. University Research University Research • University of Michigan • University of North Carolina • Iowa State University • Texas A&M University

19. Private Sector Research • Insurance Institute for Highway Safety • vehicle • road user • roadway factors • Vehicle Research Center • Highway Loss Data Institute

20. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Federal Research • FHWA • NHTSA • FMCSA • FTA

21. Review • Key Events and Legislation • Federal ProgramsEstablished in the 70’s and 80’s • Current Structure and Priorities • Road Safety Research Initiatives

22. Safety Management Roles and Responsibilities Describe the institutional roles and responsibilities within which safety is managed by federal/state/local governments, private/nonprofit interest groups, professional associations, and research institutions.

23. Major Topics • Federal Agencies • State Agencies • Local Agencies • Private/Nonprofit Interest Groups and Professional Associations • Research Groups

24. Federal Agencies

25. Federal Agencies with Road Safety Responsibilities • FHWA • NHTSA

26. Federal Agencies (cont.) • FMSCA • FRA • FTA

27. State Agencies • State DOTs • Design • Construction • Maintenance • Operations • Planning • Governor’s Highway Safety Representative • Behavioral safety initiatives • State/local coordination

28. State Agencies (cont.) • Department of Motor Vehicles • State Police and Departments of Public Safety • Departments of Health and Education

29. Local Agencies • City and County DOTs or Public Works • City and County Law Enforcement Agencies • Safe Communities Coalitions

30. Local Agencies (cont.) • City and County Emergency Management Agencies • City and County Health Departments • City and County Public School Systems

31. Interest Groups • Associations of Individuals or Organizations • Promote Common Interests • May be Restricted on Lobbying Activities • Can Communicate Effectively with Decision Makers • Need to be Educated and Informed about Road Safety

32. Public Interest Groups • Shared Interest • Member Services • Advocacy Tools • Mobilize citizens • Change opinions • Disseminate policy reports • Arrange meetings

33. AAA • Traffic Safety Focus Areas: • Building safer roads • Reducing high-risk driving • Improving safety data collection • Advocacy Work at National and State Level • Example Campaign: “Slow Down and Move Over”

34. MADD • Federal and State policy • Grassroots approaches: PI&E campaigns • Administrative License Revocation • Federal 21 Minimum Drinking Age Law • .08 BAC laws • Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving • National Commission Against Drunk Driving • National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Month

35. Interest Group Policy Influence

36. Private Sector Associations • Represent Industry Interests • Advocacy Tools: • Meetings with legislators • Campaign contributions • Publication of policy reports • Industry advertising

37. American Insurance Association (AIA) • Represents Property-casualty Insurers • Interested in Reducing Crashes • Advocate for Safety Belt Laws, Impaired Driving Penalties, Automated Enforcement, etc. • Supports Safety Research (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety)

38. More Examples American Traffic Safety Services Association American Road Transportation Builders Association National Safety Council 37

39. Professional Associations • Maximize Public Funding • Reduce Regulatory Burden • Protect Public Interest • Provide Member Services

40. AASHTO The American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials • Represents state departments of transportation (DOTs) • Advises governments on all aspects of transportation policy • Safety interests • Traffic safety is a focus area (SCOHTS) • Example: Model SHSP

41. GHSA The Governors Highway Safety Association • Represents Governors’ Highway Safety Representatives • Focus on Behavioral Safety Solutions • Occupant protection • Impaired driving • Traffic records • Speeding and aggressive driving • Conducts Legislative Advocacy • Provides Member Services

42. Research Institutions • Advocacy role • Expert testimony • Testing new and existing safety solutions • Analytical support • Institutions • Academic • Public • Private

43. Highway Safety Research Center • Formed by state legislature • Ongoing safety research on a variety of topics • Example of influence: • Developed and evaluated graduated driver licensing system • Results solidified support for the program • Funding • Federal, state, and local governments • Private organizations • University of North Carolina

44. Texas Transportation Institute • Created to Serve the Texas Highway Department • Both a State Agency and Part of Texas A&M • Receives State, Federal, and Private Funds • Researches Broad Range of Transportation Subjects • Includes a Center for Transportation Safety

45. TTI Research Results: Safer Guardrail

46. Interest group conflict and collaboration Types of conflict: • Public vs. private interests • Public vs. public interests • Benefits • Success Stories

47. Summary on Interest Groups • Public interest groups • Private sector interest groups • Professional associations • Research institutions • Conflict and collaboration

48. Review • Federal Agencies • State and Local Agencies • Private/Nonprofit Interest Groups • Professional Associations • Research Groups

49. Exercise #3 Internet Research

50. Road Safety Education Opportunities Describe road safety education and training opportunities available in the U.S.