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Stress

Stress. Chronic Stress by Age. Stress . Stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors , that we appraise as threatening or challenging. Stressors. Catastrophic Events Life Changes Chronic Stressors Daily Hassles Conflicts.

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Stress

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  1. Stress • Chronic Stress by Age

  2. Stress • Stress • the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

  3. Stressors • Catastrophic Events • Life Changes • Chronic Stressors • Daily Hassles • Conflicts

  4. The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stress resistance Stressor occurs Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) Stress • General Adaptation Syndrome • Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages

  5. Stress and Disease • Psychophysiological Illness • mind-body” illness • any stress-related physical illness • some forms of hypertension • some headaches • Cardiovascular Disease • Reduced immune defense • Negative Emotions

  6. Heart disease Persistent stressors and negative emotions Release of stress hormones Immune suppression Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension) Stress and Disease • Negative emotions and health-related consequences

  7. 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Hopelessness scores Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death Heart attack Death Low risk Moderate risk High risk Stress and the Heart

  8. Dealing with Stress: Perceived Control • External Locus of Control • outside forces, fate, or chance • Internal Locus of Control • we control most things

  9. Serenity Prayer God, grant me the serenity: To accept the things I cannot change, The courage to change the things I can, And the wisdom to know the difference.

  10. Dealing with Stress • Problem-focused Coping: • directly changing or managing stressors • Emotion-focused Coping: • changing the way we view a stressor

  11. Response Appraisal Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”) Panic, freeze up Stressful event (tough math test) Challenge (“I’ve got to apply all I know”) Aroused, focused Emotion-focused Coping & Stress Appraisal

  12. 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Depression score No-treatment group Relaxation treatment group Aerobic exercise group Before treatment evaluation After treatment evaluation Dealing with Stress • Relaxation • Optimism • Hobbies • Outside Support • Spirituality • Exercise

  13. Healthy behaviors (less smoking, drinking) Religious involvement Social support (faith communities, marriage) Better health (less immune system suppression, stress hormones, and suicide) Positive emotions (less stress, anxiety) Promoting Health • The religion factor is multi-dimensional

  14. Life events Personal appraisal Challenge Threat Personality type Easy going Nondepressed Optimistic Hostile Depressed Pessimistic Personal habits Nonsmoking Regular exercise Good nutrition Smoking Sedentary Poor nutrition Level of social support Close, enduring Lacking Tendency toward Health Illness

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