The Cell

1. The Cell

2. I. Cell Theory • Early 1600s - Compound microscope invented 1. Made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells

4. B. Famous Scientists 1. Robert Hooke (1665) a. English physicist b. Observed cork cells c. Cork is made of many small chambers he called “cells” (after monastery rooms) d. Inspired other scientists to search for cells in organisms

5. Dutch businessman First person to see tiny organisms in a drop of water (called them “animalcules”) First person to see bacteria 2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

6. 3.Matthias Schleiden (1838) • German botanist (plant specialist) • Concluded that All plants are made of cells

8. 4. Theodore Schwann (1839) Not to be confused with… Sideburns a. German scientist b. Concluded that all animals are made of cells cells cells

9. 5.Rudolf Virchow (1855) • German physician • Realized that all cells come from pre-existing cells

10. C. The discoveries of these scientists lead to the formation of the Cell Theory: • The Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells. • The cell is the basic unit of • function in living things. • 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

11. ***DON’T FORGET: Organism Organ System Organ Tissue (group of similar cells) Cell Organelle

12. II. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes CELLS Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Smaller Larger • No True Nucleus • True Nucleus - Genetic material is free-floating in Cytoplasm - Genetic material is bound by a membrane • No specialized organelles • Contain specialized organelles EX: Bacteria EX: Human Cells

14. Animal Cell

15. Plant Cell Cell wall

16. III. Cell Structures & Organelles Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info • Lies outside cell membrane Cell Wall Plants, Fungi and ProkaryoteNOT Animal Cells • Support & • protection • Prokaryotes – peptidoglycan • Fungi – chitin • Plants – cellulose • Composed mainly of lipids and proteins • Regulates what enters/ leaves the cell (selectively permeable) All cells Cell Membrane • Fluid-like material (mostly H2O) found inside cell between membrane and nucleus Cytoplasm • Contains important structures (organelles) All cells MRS. R. GRENT

17. Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info • Parts of/in the nucleus: • Controls most cell processes • Nuclear Envelope/Membrane: porous double membrane surrounding the nucleus (allows materials in/out of nucleus) Nucleus All Eukaryotic Cells • Contains hereditary information (DNA) • Chromatin : granular material made up of DNA wrapped around protein • (condenses into thread-like chromosomes during cell division) c)Nucleolus: small, dense region where ribosomes are produced MRS. R. GRENT

18. Nuclear pore Nucleolus nucleolus nuclear pores Chromatin chromatin Nuclear envelope

19. Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info • Components of cell membrane assembled • Proteins modified • Pathway for material transport 2 Types of E.R.  Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER(No ribosomes)= • Metabolize carbs All Eukaryotic Cells • Synthesis of lipids(fat) • Detox of drugs and poisons Rough ER(Ribosomes attached) = • Protein production & storage • Located on Rough ER and Suspended in Cytoplasm **THE SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS** Ribosome All cells MRS. R. GRENT

20. Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus

22. Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info • Attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins • Packages and ships materials throughout cell in transport vessels • Stacks of flat membrane sacs • Produces some polysaccharides Golgi Complex All Eukaryotic Cells Lysosome • Breaks down food and old organelles All Animal Cells, NOT Plant and Prokaryotic Cells • Small membrane sac containing digestive enzymes. • Destroys foreign material/bacteria MRS. R. GRENT

27. Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info • Storage vessel for … All Plant cells (Large), Animal cells (small or none), NOT in Prokaryotes Vacuole Contractile Vacuole Food Pumps excess water out of cell Water Waste Cell Products MRS. R. GRENT

28. Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info • Found in the cytoskeleton, which provides support to the cell’s shape • Cylinder-like structures made of tubulin • Helps build other structures... Microtubules All Eukaryotic Cells Hair-like organelles involved in cell movement -Cilia • Serve as “tracks” for organelles to move -Flagella -Centrioles • Cell movement • Chromosome movement MRS. R. GRENT

30. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton: Microfilaments in red; Microtubules in green; Nuclei in blue

31. Cilia Flagella

33. Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info • Aid in the movement of cytoplasm within the cell  Cyclosis • Thread-like strands of actin in the cytoplasm All Eukaryotic Cells • Found in the cytoskeleton (support) Microfilament • Pair of cylinders (made of microtubules) that lie at right angles to each other • Help separate chromosomes during cell division Centrioles Animal Cells Only MRS. R. GRENT

34. Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info • Has a double membrane: inner membrane is folded to increase surface area for biochemical reactions • Release energy from stored food molecules (glucose) • Produce ATP through aerobic respiration Mitochondria “Powerhouse” All Eurkaryotic Cells ** Have their own DNA and can duplicate themselves** MRS. R. GRENT

35. Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info Contains... • Use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose) • Produce oxygen • Chlorophyll (green) Photosynthetic cells ONLY, NOT in Animal Cells or Prokaryotes • Stacks of thylakoid membranes called grana Chloroplast • Protein rich fluid called stroma *Have their own DNA and can duplicate themselves MRS. R. GRENT

36. *Endosymbiosis- One organism lives inside the cell of another organism to the benefit of both. *Endosymbiotic Theory- Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells.

37. Animal Cell A C B H G D E F

38. C Plant Cell B D E F A G

39. Animal Cell endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion nuclear membrane golgi body nucleolus chromatin ribosomes nucleus cytoplasm lysosome vacuole cell membrane

40. Plant Cell endoplasmic reticulum golgi body nuclear membrane mitochondrion chloroplast nucleolus chromatin ribosomes nucleus cell wall cytoplasm vacuole cell membrane