Developing Paragraphs: Illustration

1. Developing Paragraphs: Illustration Chapter 18, pg 352

2. Illustration • Examples • A method of developing an idea by providing one or more instances of that idea. • To provide a list of brief examples w/out a particular grouping • To provide a list of brief examples arranged into groups • To select one item and develop it fully

3. Where can we find examples? • Personal experience/knowledge • Imagination • Interviews and surveys • Outside research • Look @ pg 355, read Exercise 1. What kind of illustration is each?

4. Exercise 1, pg 354 • Type of illustration? • Information from a survey • Type of illustration? • Hypothetical example • Type of illustration? • Example from personal experience

5. What order should I put my example(s) in? pg 356 • Story? Time-order (first, then, next) • Several descriptive examples? Spatial order (left to right, top to bottom) • Logical order • If no order seems necessary, put your strongest or most important example last.

6. Homework • Do the exercises and activities up to pg 362. • For your journal assignment, CHOOSE one ASSIGNMENT from pgs 363-366. • Write a illustrative paragraph about one of the topics suggested. • You will be graded on…

7. Understanding Fragments and Phrases Making Sure Your Sentences Are Complete Chapter 5, pg 78

8. Fragments • Like a sentence but doesn’t have one of these: • SUBJECT • VERB • A COMPLETE THOUGHT

9. Talking in fragments • Many times, when we speak, we use fragments. • By the context, we can tell what the other person means. • Doug: Had any test results yet? • Nelida: Nothing statistically significant. • Doug: Not good. • Nelida: Back to step one.

10. Talking in fragments • However, when we write (unless we are directly quoting a conversation), we need to formalize the writing. • By the context, we can tell what the other person means. • Doug: Have you had any test results yet? • Nelida: The results weren’t statistically significant. • Doug: That is not good. • Nelida: We will have to go back to step one.

11. SO What is a Fragment? • The subject is missing. • is setting the trap • The verb is missing • the hunter in the woods • Both subject and verb are missing • in the woods • All parts present but not a complete thought • The hunter set

12. How do you correct a fragment? Pg 81 • Add the missing parts! • Join the fragment to the sentence where it belongs.

13. Exercise 2, pg 81-82 • returned to the sea (add a subject) • a bird on the oak branch (add a verb) • between the island and the mainland (add a subj. and a verb) • the hawk in a soaring motion (add a verb. • the fishing boats in the harbor (verb) • We returned to the sea. 2. A bird was on the oak branch. 3. Weswam between the island and the mainland. 4. The hawk flew in a soaring motion. 5. The fishing boats were in the harbor.

14. Exercise 2, pg 82 6. It dropped like a stone into the water. 6. dropped like a stone into the water. 7. the crescent moon (verb) 8. carried the fish to the tree (subj) 9. the fisherman put (complete the though). 10. into the net (add a subj and a verb) 7. The crescent moon rose. 8. The hawk carried the fish to the tree. 9 + 10. The fisherman putthefish into the net.

15. What is a Phrase? • A phrase is a group of words belonging together but lacking one or more of the three elements necessary for a sentence.

16. Phrases (pg 83) • Noun phrase – a noun with all of its modifiers • Prepositional phrase – a preposition+ its modifiers • Verb phrase – a main verb with its helping verbs/modifiers • Infinitive phrase – the word “to”+verb + other words completing the phrase. • Participial Phrase – a present or past participle and the other words that complete the phrase. • Gerund phrase – present participle and the other words that complete the phrase

17. Phrases • There are 6 types of phrases. • We are going to skip over them and focus on fragments. (We will come back to phrases, don’t worry) • Turn to page 92

18. Exercise 13, pg 92 • Early morning a time of peace in my neighborhood. • What’s it missing? (verb) • The gray mist covering up all but the faint outlines of nearby houses. • What’s it missing? 1. Early morning is a time of peace in my neighborhood. 2. The gray mist covers up all but the faint outlines of nearby houses.

19. Exercise 13, pg 92 3. The shapes of cars in the streets and driveways • What’s it missing? Verb and possibly subject! 4. To sit and look out the window • What’s it missing? Subject! 3. I can barely make out the shapes of cars in the streets and driveways 4. Often if I have the time, I sit and look out the window.

20. Test 2, pg 95 That afternoon was full of children. Taking a shower in the rain. Soaping themselves and rushing out into the storm. To wash off the suds. In a few minutes it was all over. Including the rubdown. The younger children took their showers naked. Teetering on the tips of their toes and squealing at one another. That afternoon was full of children. Taking a shower in the rain, they were soaping themselves and rushing out into the storm to wash off the suds. In a few minutes it was all over, including the rubdown. The younger children took their showers naked. They teetered on the tips of their toes and squealing at one another.

21. How To Check for Fragments • Put the words “It is clear that …” in front of the possible fragment. Does it make sense? If so, it’s a complete sentence. • EXAMPLE: • It is difficult. Fragment or sentence? • It’s clear that it is difficult. (Makes sense, so not a fragment.) • Because it is difficult. Fragment or sentence? • It’s clear that because it is difficult. (?? Doesn’t make sense so is a fragment.)

22. Watch Out for a Common Trap! • Just because you write a lot of words, you don’t necessarily have a complete sentence. • Although I have tried many ways to get an “A”, such as paying off the professor and offering to carry her books to class each day and assuring her that I love my writing class more than life itself. FRAGMENT!You haven’t finished the “although” idea, so you haven’t finished your thought.

23. But you knew that, because you remembered that… …a sentence is not complete or correct, unless • It has a subject; • it has a verb, • and it expresses a completed idea.

24. A note about words • A word is just a word until it performs a function in a sentence. • Some words can be used as nouns, adjectives, prepositions, interjections AND verbs! • Focus less on the word itself and MORE on the job it does in a sentence. • Describes a noun? Its an ADJECTIVE! • Performs the action? Is the SUBJECT! • Is the action? It’s a VERB! Wewt!

25. Phrases: Pg 84 • Phrases formed with VERBS that don’t function as Verbs! • Infinitive phrase (to + verb) • Participial phrase (verb+ as adjective) • Gerund phrase (noun formed from a verb -such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)

26. Phrases: Pg 84 • Infinitive phrases • Multiple words that function as a noun • To continue this argument would be useless. • She began to move gracefully. Infinitive Phrase ________________________ __________________ Infinitive Phrase

27. Infinitive or Prepositional? • An Infinitive is the basic form of a verb • "To jump“ "To ask“ • A prepositional phrase describes time, location, possession (where, when, and whose) • "In“ "Around""Over“ "Beside"

28. Practice, pg 85 • I stopped by his office to say goodbye. • The trail of evidence led directly to him. • We were lucky to have discovered his fraudulent activities. • The manager had forced him to tell the truth. • His leaving will be a relief to the staff. INF PP INF INF PP

29. Participial Phrase • Uses a participle (the –ing form of a verb) to perform the function of an adjective in a sentence • Base verb + ing • Run + ing Running • Running home, he cried to his mom! Subject Verb __ ____ ________ Infinitive Phrase

30. Participial Phrase Subject Verb _____ ___ ________ Infinitive Phrase • Running home, the worker lost her wallet. • Looking very unhappy, she retraced her steps. • Greatly disappointed, she could not find it. • Told tearfully, the story saddened her. Subject Verb ___ _______ ____________ Infinitive Phrase Subject Verb ___ ___________ ____________ Infinitive Phrase Subject Verb ____ ________ _______ Infinitive Phrase

31. Gerund phrase • Using the present participle (verb+ing) as a NOUN • Long distance running is a strenuous exercise. • I like long-distance running. Verb _ ____________ Gerund phrase as SUBJECT Subj Verb _ ___ _____________ Gerund phrase as object.

32. Practice, pg 86 • Standing totally still, the child hoped the bee would fly away. • Playing the violin is not easy. • The athlete will try deep-sea diving. • Waiting patiently, we ordered something to drink. • Edited slowly and carefully, the essay was much improved P G G P P

33. Exercise 4 pg 86-87 • In the past, play was usually unsupervised. • Parents seldom made “play dates” for their children. • Playing on the street or in a vacant lot was the norm. • Expecting to be entertained, children today often complain about being bored Prepos. Verb phrase Gerund Participial phrase

34. Exercise 4 pg 86-87 5. They depend on video games to structure their time. 6. Parents are spending money on too many movies and video games. 7. What is wrong with boredom? 8. Blessed with restless energy, children could find more creative ways to play infinitive Verb phr Prep Participial phrase

35. Present Participle: 3 FunctionsWhen can I use –ing? • Verb! • The student was taking an exam. • Participial Phrase! • Taking an exam, the student felt stressed. • Gerund Phrase! • Taking an exam can be stressful. Subject Verb _____ ________ Subject Verb _____ ___ Subject Verb ___________ _____