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Questions to address in group

Questions to address in group. How did the Mongols govern the regions of their empire? How did the Mongols impact regions of the empire? What was the nature of cultural exchange in the empire? How did Mongol rule impact the future ? Positive/ Negative

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Questions to address in group

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  1. Questions to address in group • How did the Mongols govern the regions of their empire? • How did the Mongols impact regions of the empire? • What was the nature of cultural exchange in the empire? • How did Mongol rule impact the future? Positive/ Negative • How and why did perceptions of the Mongols vary?

  2. The Mongols Last Nomadic Challenges

  3. Mongol Empire Under Genghis (Chinggis) Khan • Nomadic herders • Social division • Confederations • Leadership - merit How important was Genghis Khan to the success of the Mongols?

  4. Mongol Empire Under Chinggis (Genghis) Khan • Building the war machine • Best cavalry and weapons • Mongols Under Chinggis Khan • Resisting cities destroyed/cooperating cities pay tribute/ conq. N. Chinese areas - battle tactic – attack with cavalry, feign retreat draw enemy into trap

  5. "The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters" • -GENGHIS KHAN

  6. Life Under Mongol Imperium • How/ why were the Mongols successful in creating an empire? • What would it have been like to live in the Empire?

  7. Mongol Empire Under Genghis Khan – Pax Mongolia • Fearsome yet tolerant - religion • Open to new ideas – • Advisors diverse • Law code • Peace and commerce to Eurasia Death of Genghis Khan (1227 CE) • Empire divided

  8. Mongols drive westward… • How did the Mongols conquer eastern Europe & western Asia?

  9. Mongols Drive West – the Golden Horde • Kiev and Novgorod differences • Tatars/Tartars; “from hell” • Russia under Mongol rule • Vassals and tribute • Moscow prospers - tax collectors Mongol influence on Russia – • Military, politics and isolation from west;

  10. Mongols &Islam • Why didn’t the Mongols conquer the rest of Europe? • How did the Mongols impact the Islamic world? • How did the adoption of Islam impact the western Mongol states?

  11. II. Mongols Drive West • Mongol Incursions and Retreat in Eur. • Western view of Khan - • Death of Ogodei (the great Khan) • Mongol Assault on Islam –ILKHAN Empire • Conquered Islamic Persia • Conquered Islamic “Abbasid” Iraq • Defeated by Turkish Malmuks / Battle of Ain Jalut - 1260 • Khan of Golden Horde converts to Islam

  12. Mongols in China • How did the Mongols impact government and social structure? • How did the role/status of Mongol women compare to the Confucian tradition?

  13. Mongols in China – Yuan dynasty • What was the impact of the Mongols on China? • What was the impact of China on the Mongols? • How did urban life evolve?

  14. Mongols in China • Khubilai Khandefeats Song • Mongol cultural distinction by law • Refused Civil Service exams • New social order among elite: MongolsNomadic and Islamic allies N. Chinese S. Chinese Central govt positions: Top groups Local admin: bottom groups

  15. Yuan cont’d • Gender Roles and Culture • Mongol women refuse Confucianism – no footbinding! • Helped artisan & merchant classes; merchants: privileges • Cities flourish… • Confucian scholar gentry hated it! • But also helped the peasants

  16. However: • included Confucian values and ideals in laws • standardized the government • tax farming (burden to the peasants – esp in the beginning) • districts for the purpose of census taking and administration/ broke down distinctions of Tanggut, Jin & Song

  17. Increased prestige for merchants • Technology booms • Silk road and maritime trade boom • Created unified China • Paper $ (again) • Idea of elementary education

  18. Mongol Tolerance • Open to new ideas and all religions • Welcomed foreigners • Muslims, Daoists, European Christians, Persians • Ibn Battuta & Marco Polo

  19. Polo Bros greet Khubilai

  20. Impact • What was the overall impact of the Mongols on China?

  21. Mongol impact • 40% decline of Chinese population • Social upheavals • Caused pop. movement to south • poverty & infanticide • Mandarin language • Black Death spread throughout empire & beyond (14th century) • Perhaps 16 million descendants of Ghengis Khan!…

  22. Other… • New military knowledge to Europe and Asia • Increased trade and cultural contact • Trading empires later used for European expansion • But again…transmitted Black Death

  23. Mongol Interlude interrupted! • Brief Time of Timur/ Tamerlane • Turk from noble clan (though Mongol wannabe) • Didn’t bring same positive effects as Mongols • Cultured & violent; pyramids of skulls…

  24. How was the Ming similar to and different from the Yuan? • What did the Ming accomplish? • Why did the Ming eventually isolate themselves?

  25. Ming Dynasty 1368-1500 • 1368- established by former soldier, bandit, and Buddhism monk Zhu Yangzhang  Hongwu • organized dynasty into highly centralized military empire • Hongwu sought 1st to remove any remaining Mongol influences in China • Trade and the economic system was impacted • Removal of the paper money economy

  26. Yongle – cap back to Beijing; • Re-instituted civil service exam – led to many elite withdrawing from business • Ming rulers kept the Mongols in position of interpreters and kept many of the innovations introduced during the Yuan Dynasty • Agric never rose to Song level

  27. The Forbidden city or Imperial Palace of the Ming Emperors

  28. Ming porcelain

  29. Zheng He • Ocean voyages: 1405-31. • Chinese Treasure Junks • Effective Muslim ambassador to Middle East • twofold mission: • see what the outside world had to offer and gain prestige for the Ming • visit Chinese merchants and ensure their alliance to the emperor

  30. Model of Zheng He’s junk

  31. Comparison to Columbus’s vessel

  32. Expense, attacks by northern nomads and disregard for merchants led to the end of naval exploration • Isolation… • Korea & Japan begin to eclipse China in technology…

  33. Developments in East Asia • Korea – failed to defend from Mongols (20 yr war!); became Mongol state but was stimulated by it; • 1392-1910 - Yi/ Joseon (Chosun) dynasty; hangul; cotton production • Vietnam – pd tribute; during Ming Annam conq. & unif w/ Champa = vietnam; kept conf. phil. but more rts for women

  34. Korean Turtle ship

  35. Japan – Mongols fail to conquer: Kamikazi; built defenses; new shogunate; • Zen warrior elite • Superior steel • Regional wars begin late 1400’s – last ca. 100 yrs; ag. Shogun & each other

  36. Japanese Noh theater

  37. Same mask/diff anglediff emotion

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