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1. June 28, 2012 1 Bell ringer Draw on outline of the human body. Without using the text book. Include the following organs in your outline: brain, stomach, kidneys, heart and lungs.
2. June 28, 2012 2 Support and Movement
3. June 28, 2012 3 What are tissues? A group of cells that look alike and work together make up a tissue.
Tissues form from stem cells that differentiate during development.
4. June 28, 2012 4 Tissues are named for the job they do. There are 4 main kinds: muscle tissue, covering tissue, connective tissue and nerve tissue
5. June 28, 2012 5 1. Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue makes up muscles
Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can become shorter
There are several types of muscle tissue: Skeletal, Smooth and cardiac.
6. June 28, 2012 6
7. June 28, 2012 7 Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle, usually attached to the skeleton.
Skeletal muscles are used to create movement, by applying force to bones and joints .
8. June 28, 2012 8 They generally contract voluntarily.
9. June 28, 2012 9 Smooth Muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle.
Smooth muscle fibers are spindle shaped, and like all muscle, can contract and relax.
10. June 28, 2012 10 Smooth muscle is usually found within the "walls" of hollow organs and elsewhere like the bladder and abdominal cavity, the uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract.
11. June 28, 2012 11 Cardiac Muscle 'Cardiac muscle' is a type of involuntary striated muscle found within the heart.
Its function is to "pump" blood through the circulatory system by contracting.
12. June 28, 2012 12 2. Covering Tissue The skin that covers your body is made up of epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissues is made up of cells that join tightly together.
Epithelial tissue also covers many parts inside the body. It is your first line of defense against many disease and bacteria
13. June 28, 2012 13 EPITHELIAL TISSUE is a tissue composed of a layer of cells.. The outermost layer of our skin is composed of dead epithelial cells.
14. June 28, 2012 14 Functions of epithelial cells Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, absorption, protection, transcellular transport, sensation detection, and selective permeability.
15. June 28, 2012 15 3. Connective Tissue Tissue that holds some parts of the body together is called connective tissue.
Connective tissue supports and protects the body.
There are 4 types: Bone, ligaments, tendons and blood
16. June 28, 2012 16 Bones Bones are rigid connective organs that make up the skeleton of vertebrates.
Bones are primarily comprised of osseous tissue which may also be referred to as bone or bone tissue.
17. June 28, 2012 17 Ligaments Ligaments connect bones to one another.
18. June 28, 2012 18
19. June 28, 2012 19 Tendons Tendons connect muscle to bones.
20. June 28, 2012 20 Blood Blood is a liquid connective tissue.
It has blood cells that float in a yellow liquid, known as blood plasma. .
Blood carries food, gases, and other important substances to and from all the cells in the body.
21. June 28, 2012 21 4. Nerve Tissue Nerve Tissue is made up of nerve cells, or neurons.
Nerve tissue carries messages.
It causes muscles to expand and contract, controls breathing, digestion and heart rhythms.
Your brain and spinal cord are made mostly of nerve tissue.
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23. June 28, 2012 23 Bell Ringer What are the 4 types of tissues?
Include a short summary in your description.
24. June 28, 2012 24 What are Organs and Organ Systems?
25. June 28, 2012 25 Organs A group of tissues that works together to do a special job is called an organ.
Examples --
Heart - function is to pump blood into the blood vessels.
26. June 28, 2012 26 Nerve tissue – carry impulses to the heart and control the heartbeat.
Blood vessels – surround the heart and supply its cells with oxygen and nutrients.
27. June 28, 2012 27
28. June 28, 2012 28 Glands Organs or groups of cells that give off substances used by the body are called glands.
29. June 28, 2012 29 Organ Systems A group of organs that work together is called an organ system.
All the organs in an organ system work together to carry out certain life processes.
There are 10 major organ systems
30. June 28, 2012 30 Skeletal system Major structures – Bones
Function – Provides structure and supports the internal organs.
31. June 28, 2012 31 Muscular system Major structures - muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth)
Function – Provides structure; supports and moves trunk and limbs
32. June 28, 2012 32 Circulatory System Major structures – Heart, blood vessels, Blood
Function – Transports nutrients and wastes to and from all body tissues.
33. June 28, 2012 33 Respiratory System Major structures - Air passages, lungs
Function – Carries air into and out of lungs, where gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged.
34. June 28, 2012 34 Immune system Major structures – Lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells
Function – Provides protection against infection and disease.
35. June 28, 2012 35 Digestive system Major structures – mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines
Function – Stores and digests food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates wastes
36. June 28, 2012 36 Excretory System Major structures – kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra, skin, lungs
Function – Eliminates waste; maintain water and chemical balance
37. June 28, 2012 37 Nervous system Major structures – brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs, receptors
Function – controls and coordinates body movements and senses; controls consciousness and creativity; helps monitor and maintain other body systems
38. June 28, 2012 38 Endocrine system Major structures – Glands (such as adrenal, thyroid, and pancreas), hypothalamus
Function – Maintains homeostasis, regulates metabolism, water and mineral balance, growth and sexual development, and reproduction.
39. June 28, 2012 39 Reproductive system Major structures – ovaries, uterus, mammary glands (in females), testes (in males)
Function – produces offspring
40. June 28, 2012 40 Bellringer What are the major organs and functions of the skeletal, endocrine and nervous systems?
41. June 28, 2012 41 What is the Skeletal System?
42. June 28, 2012 42 Three Types of Skeletons 1. Hydrostatic (water) - like a starfish
2. Exoskeleton (arthropods) - tough, hard , outer covering.
- Protects the animal
3. Endoskeleton (vertebrates) - skeleton inside the body
43. June 28, 2012 43 The Skeleton of Humans is composed of a special connective tissue called BONE
There are 206 bones in the human body
44. June 28, 2012 44 The skeleton is divided into two groups: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton, each with it's own purpose.
45. June 28, 2012 45 Axial The axial skeleton, making up 80 of your 206 bones, encompasses all your upper body bones.
It is subdivided into three groups: the skull, the vertebral column, and the bony thorax.
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47. June 28, 2012 47 It's main purposes are to protect your vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs, and to provide an efficient structure to perform a variety of work.
48. June 28, 2012 48 The Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton refers to your arms and legs.
They are called appendicular (from "append") because they are attached by girdles, which bridge each with the main body
49. June 28, 2012 49
50. June 28, 2012 50 Jobs of the Skeleton Support, shape and protect the body
The spine also allows for movement
51. June 28, 2012 51 The backbone is made up of separate bones called – vertebrae.
These bones are hollow and allow us to bend and twist.
52. June 28, 2012 52
53. June 28, 2012 53 Other jobs of the skeleton Work with muscles to move the body
Protect important organs
Store minerals like calcium
Make blood
54. June 28, 2012 54 Bones are classified by their shape - 1. Long bones (humerus, femur) 2. Flat bones (skull) 3. Short bones (fingers) 4. Irregular bones (vertebrae )
55. June 28, 2012 55 Cartilage Cartilage is a tough, but flexible connective tissue.
All of our bones are made of cartilage first, but during the 2nd and 3rd months of embryonic development, they slowly turn into bone.
56. June 28, 2012 56
57. June 28, 2012 57 Bone Formation Over time, cartilage is replaced by hard, living bone tissue
Specialized cells produce calcium – enriched material that makes up bone.
Other cells break down bone tissue during the growth and remodeling stage of bone development.
The size and shape of bones change as a person matures
58. June 28, 2012 58 Bell ringer What are the 4 shapes of bones?
What is cartilage? Where, in our body, do we still have cartilage?
59. June 28, 2012 59 What are bones?
60. June 28, 2012 60 Bones The bones of the ear are the smallest bones in the body.
61. June 28, 2012 61 Structure of Bones Bones are made up of living and non living material
Each bone is covered by a periosteum - thin membrane that contains blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen to the living bone cells.
62. June 28, 2012 62 The hardest part of bone is called compact bone.
It is made up of living bone cells, protein fibers, and nonliving materials.
63. June 28, 2012 63 EPIPHYSIS – expanded ends of bone. ARTICULATES (forms a joint) with another bone.
DIAPHYSIS – shaft of the bone
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE – hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones
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65. June 28, 2012 65 The role of calcium Calcium is an important part of your diet. It helps make bones hard.
Osteoporosis can result from bones that are not calcium rich.
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67. June 28, 2012 67
68. June 28, 2012 68 The ends of bones are soft and spongy.
Spongy bone is very porous, with many holes in it.
Spongy bone gives bone its strength.
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70. June 28, 2012 70 Marrow Bone marrow is soft connective tissue that fills the spaces in spongy bone.
Bone marrow is usually red or yellow in color.
71. June 28, 2012 71 Spongy bone contains red bone marrow.
This is where new red blood cells are made.
Adults only have red bone marrow in certain bones, such as the femur and the hips.
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73. June 28, 2012 73 Long bones contain yellow marrow
Yellow marrow contains mostly fat.
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75. June 28, 2012 75 Fractures A complete fracture is when the bone has broken into two pieces.
A greenstick fracture is when the bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through.
A single fracture is when the bone is broken in one place
76. June 28, 2012 76 A comminuted fracture is when the bone is broken into more than two pieces or crushed.
A bowing fracture, which only happens in kids, is when the bone bends but doesn't break
77. June 28, 2012 77 Fractures A fracture is a crack or a break in a bone.
Open fractures – the bone breaks the skin.
Closed fractures – bones do not break the skin
Hairline fracture – very thin crack in the bone
X- rays are used to determine the exact location and severity of a fracture.
78. June 28, 2012 78 Open fracture
79. June 28, 2012 79 Closed Fracture
80. June 28, 2012 80 How do fractures heal? Hematoma (huge bruise and blood clot) forms to protect area
• Fibrocartilage splint forms after dead cells are removed by phagocytes
• Osteocytes move into area and gradually replace fibrocartilage with bone tissue
• Bone remodeling occurs
81. June 28, 2012 81 Bone Remodeling Osteoblasts - Make Deposits” – Bone builders
– These cells secrete new bone
82. June 28, 2012 82 Osteoclasts - Dissolve bone and Release calcium
83. June 28, 2012 83 Bone Marrow Transplants Used to treat disorders such as leukemia and anemia
Needed when a person’s blood cells produce abnormal cell
84. June 28, 2012 84 Radiation is given to a person with abnormal bone marrow and cells from a healthy donor are inserted into the patient’s bloodstream.
85. June 28, 2012 85 2 drawbacks to bone marrow transplants The patient’s body can accept or reject the new bone marrow.
High risk of infection
86. June 28, 2012 86 Bellringer What is a periosteum?
87. June 28, 2012 87 How do Joints Work?
88. June 28, 2012 88 Joints The place where two or more bones meet is called a joint.
Some bones are connected directly to other bones at the joint.
Most bones are held together by ligaments.
89. June 28, 2012 89
90. June 28, 2012 90 3 Main Kinds of joints Fixed (fibrous) joints – do not allow any movement
The joints in your skull are fixed.
91. June 28, 2012 91 Cartilaginous joints - Partly movable joints – allow a little bit of movement.
The joints between your ribs and your breastbone move a little bit.
92. June 28, 2012 92 Synovial joints - Movable joints – allow a lot of movement.
Your arms and legs are movable joints.
93. June 28, 2012 93
94. June 28, 2012 94 4 major kinds of movable joints Ball and socket joints allow bones to move in most directions.
Joint between upper arm and shoulder allows your arm to move around in a circle.
95. June 28, 2012 95 Gliding joints allow some movement in all directions. The bones slide along each other.
Your wrist is a gliding joint.
96. June 28, 2012 96 Hinge joints allow bones to backward and forward in one direction.
Elbows and knees
97. June 28, 2012 97 Pivotal Joints allow bones to move side to side and up and down.
The joint between your skull and your neck is a pivotal joint.
98. June 28, 2012 98 Cartilage and bones Cartilage is usually found in the joints.
It cushions bones and prevents them from rubbing against one another.
It also acts as a shock absorber for the spinal vertebrae.
99. June 28, 2012 99 Bones you must know!
100. June 28, 2012 100 cranium the bones of the skull surrounding the brain, not including the face bones; the bone just above/in front of the ear is the temporal bone
101. June 28, 2012 101 mandible the jaw bone, so the hinge of the jaw is the temporo-mandibular joint, and problems with malfunctioning of this joint are known as TMJ
102. June 28, 2012 102 vertebrae bones which make up the spine
103. June 28, 2012 103 Cervical vertebrae - the vertebrae in the neck region
Thoracic Vertebrae - the vertebrae with ribs attached
Lumbar vertebrae - the vertebrae in the lower back
Sacrum - five fused vertebrae which are joined to the pelvis
Coccyx - four fused vertebrae which comprise the tailbone
104. June 28, 2012 104 Ribs bones protecting the chest cavity (we all have twelve pairs)
105. June 28, 2012 105 Sternum the breastbone
106. June 28, 2012 106 Clavicle the collar bone
107. June 28, 2012 107 Scapula the shoulder blade
108. June 28, 2012 108 humerus the top of the arm
109. June 28, 2012 109 Ulna the little finger side of the lower arm which also forms the elbow
110. June 28, 2012 110 Radius the thumb side of the lower arm; the Radius Rotates around
111. June 28, 2012 111 Carpals the wrist bones
112. June 28, 2012 112 Metacarpals the palm of the hand
113. June 28, 2012 113 Phalanges the fingers and toes
114. June 28, 2012 114 Os (Coxa) the hip bones
115. June 28, 2012 115 Ileum the big bone on top that we think of as the hip bone
116. June 28, 2012 116 Ischium the bones on which you sit
117. June 28, 2012 117 Pubis the lower front hip bone
118. June 28, 2012 118 Femur the thigh bone
119. June 28, 2012 119 Patella the kneecap
120. June 28, 2012 120 Tibia the thick, inside (big-toe side) shinbone
121. June 28, 2012 121 Fibula the thin, outer (little-toe side) shinbone
122. June 28, 2012 122 Tarsals the heel bones
123. June 28, 2012 123 Metatarsals the arch of the foot, the sole
124. June 28, 2012 124 Phalanges the fingers and toes
125. June 28, 2012 125 Bellringer What are the tarsal, patella, femur and ulna?
Be specific in your descriptions.
126. June 28, 2012 126 Bellringer Compare a ligament and a tendon
127. June 28, 2012 127 Bell ringer What would happen if the joint between your arm and shoulder was not a ball and socket joint?
How would your movement be different?
128. June 28, 2012 128 What is the muscular system?
129. June 28, 2012 129 Muscles More than 600 muscles make up the muscular system
Muscles are tissues that can shorten along their length
130. June 28, 2012 130 Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
A tendon is a strong elastic band of tissue. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the tendon, which makes the bone move
131. June 28, 2012 131 Muscle Fibers A muscle is composed of many fibers (or cells).
Individual muscles are separated from each other and held in place by a covering called the fascia.
132. June 28, 2012 132 3 types of connective tissue found in muscles Epimysium – outermost layer – surrounds entire muscle
Perimysium – separated and surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers
Endomysium - surrounds each individual muscle fiber.
133. June 28, 2012 133
134. June 28, 2012 134 Muscle actions Muscles only move bones when they contract,
Muscles can only pull bones, they cannot push bones.
135. June 28, 2012 135 Flexors Muscles that bend or flex your joints
136. June 28, 2012 136
137. June 28, 2012 137 extensors Muscles that straighten, or extend your joints.
138. June 28, 2012 138 Teamwork Muscles must work in teams of 2.
Example- biceps are flexors, triceps are extensors.
Flexion and extension are opposite movements
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140. June 28, 2012 140 Types of muscle movement Abduction - Movement of muscle away from the center of the body
Adduction - Movement of muscle towards the center of the body
Circumduction – circular movement of a limb
141. June 28, 2012 141 Rules of muscle activity Muscles get smaller as they contract.
Muscles cross at least one joint
The bulk of muscle is proximal to the joint crossed.
All muscles have an insertions and an origin.
During contraction, the insertion moves toward the origin.
142. June 28, 2012 142 A). Insertion: moves the bone. The point of attachment.
B). Origin: does not move or is less movable.
143. June 28, 2012 143 3 kinds of muscles There are three main kinds of muscles, skeletal, smooth and cardiac
144. June 28, 2012 144 Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle is striated muscle, meaning it has stripes or dark bands.
Skeletal muscle is attached directly to the skeleton - they make your body move.
Skeletal muscles are usually voluntary – meaning you can control their movements.
145. June 28, 2012 145
146. June 28, 2012 146 Smooth muscle Muscle tissue found in the walls of blood vessels, the stomach and other internal organs.
It is involuntary muscle because you cannot control its movements.
147. June 28, 2012 147 Cardiac muscle Found only in the heart and major blood vessels. It is very strong and striated.
Cardiac muscle is involuntary.
148. June 28, 2012 148 Functions of muscle Movement
Posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat
Protect organs
149. June 28, 2012 149 Terms used when naming muscles Size:
vastus (huge);
maximus (large);
longus (long);
minimus (small);
brevis (short).
150. June 28, 2012 150 Shape:
deltoid (triangular);
rhomboid (like a rhombus with equal and parallel sides);
latissimus (wide);
teres (round);
trapezius (like a trapezoid).
151. June 28, 2012 151 Direction of fibers:
rectus (straight);
transverse (across);
oblique (diagonally);
orbicularis (circular).
152. June 28, 2012 152 Location:
pectoralis (chest);
gluteus (buttock or rump);
brachii (arm);
supra- (above);
infra- (below);
sub- (under or beneath);
lateralis (lateral).
153. June 28, 2012 153 Number of origins:
biceps (two heads);
triceps (three heads);
quadriceps (four heads).
154. June 28, 2012 154 Origin and insertion:
sternocleidomastoideus (origin on the sternum and clavicle, insertion on the mastoid process);
brachioradialis (origin on the brachium or arm, insertion on the radius).
155. June 28, 2012 155 Action:
abductor (to abduct a structure);
adductor (to adduct a structure);
flexor (to flex a structure);
extensor (to extend a structure);
levator (to lift or elevate a structure);
masseter (a chewer).
156. June 28, 2012 156 Bell ringer Define the following terms
Abductor
Triceps
Infra
Rectus
Brevis
157. June 28, 2012 157 Types of Joint Movement Nonaxial joints
- Allow only slipping or gliding movements
– also known as plane joints
Uniaxial joints –
permit flexion and extension only –
Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints
158. June 28, 2012 158 Biaxial joints
permit all angular motions
Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
Multiaxial joints
permit the most freely moving synovial joints
Examples: shoulder and hip joints
159. June 28, 2012 159 Major muscles you must know
160. June 28, 2012 160 Heart Contractile muscle responsible for circulating blood throughout the body
161. June 28, 2012 161 Diaphragm Responsible for inflating and deflating our lungs
162. June 28, 2012 162 Biceps and Triceps Arm muscles
163. June 28, 2012 163 Deltoid Shoulder muscle
164. June 28, 2012 164 Trapezius Muscle of the upper back
165. June 28, 2012 165 Obliques To the left and right of our abdominal muscles.
Help us develop a 6-pack
166. June 28, 2012 166 Gluteus maximus Butt muscle - we sit on it!
167. June 28, 2012 167 Hamstrings Muscles to the rear of the thigh
168. June 28, 2012 168 Soleus Calf muscle
169. June 28, 2012 169 Temporalis Used for chewing and crushing
170. June 28, 2012 170 Frontalis Thin muscle - the forehead
171. June 28, 2012 171 Bell Ringer What are the functions of the following muscles?
Frontalis
Soleus
Deltoid
Diaphragm
