Population during the Contemporary Period

1. Population during the Contemporary Period 1867 - Present

2. 1867 Confederation and Immigration • The Act of British Parliament merges 4 provinces together and created a new federal government of Canada. • The BNA Act split control of immigration between the federal government and 2nd level of government • Federal gov’t has the final say on immigration. Will cause problems later.

3. Map of the British Empire

4. Immigration cont • The Federal gov’t is keen on growing the population quickly. • They want to confirm their control over Western Canada that the Gov’t purchased in 1869. • Immigration law passed that opened the door for new immigrants to arrive and settle in the West.

5. Immigration (cont) • Laws created places for sick people and regulations for safety. • Not everyone welcome, law prevented criminals from entering. • Law also favoured Northern Europeans (Germans, Poles, Scandinavians) over Southern Europeans (Spanish, Italians, and Greeks)

6. Demographics 1867 • Most of the population situated near location • Majority of the population were • Cities like 2 examples were growing • Immigrants ended up in two locations • 31% of the population were ethnic group, which meant they were a minority in the newly formed Dominion.

7. National Policy • A plan to help build the economy of Canada. 3 parts: • 1) Introduce tariffs on imports to protect Canadian Industries • 2) Build a Trans-Canada railroad • 3) Encourage immigration to settle the West

8. Impact of the National Policy p.64 • In order for the National Policy to work there needed to be increased type of population growth • From 1871-1901 # of immigrants arrived in Canada mostly from 3 places. • Ethnic group and Ethnic group competed for work in the cities.

9. Aboriginal Population • Act of Parliament made the federal gov’t the legal guardian of Aboriginal people and gave them authority over all the land Aboriginals lived on. • Gov’t wants to open this land to type of colonists. • Aboriginal groups like the Aboriginal group are forced to move West or live on a land specially put aside for aboriginals.

10. Industrialization and Urbanization 1885-1930 (p.68) • Big cities like 2 cities experience growth and become industrial centers. They are main junctions in the type of network. This attracted many people from type of area. • The fast growth of the cities meant that they were lots of people in one space populated and were very dirty and unsanitary. • Spread of diseases like 3 types of diseases and poor water meant many young children died in the cities.

11. Emigration to US p.72 • At the start of the 20th century people continued to emigrate to the US because of lack of land in the SLV. Better jobs in the US. • Quebec gov’t tries to stop this by opening new land for farming in the Laurentians. • They are trying to keep French Canadians in Quebec so they don’t lose their identity.

12. Migrations to the West (p.75) • French Canadians do not emigrate to the West in large numbers. Expensive journey to get there. • The execution of Métis leader Louis Riel also angers many French Canadians. • They believe that their rights and identity would be threatened in the English speaking Protestant West.

13. 20th century Immigration p.76 • Canada receives nearly 3 million immigrants from 1900-1915 • Discriminatory immigration policies ensure that the majority of immigrants are of British origin • Quebec receives 700 000 immigrants, mainly British, arriving in the cities and working in manufacturing.

14. New Minorities (p.78) • Germans, Jews, and Italians start to form new minority communities in cities in Quebec. • They learn to speak either French or English, depending on the language of their workplace. • Italians develop an important community in Montreal in the 20th century (Little Italy)

15. WWI and Immigration (p.79) • WWI 1914-1918 • Canada’s focus on immigration slows because of focus on the war • Gov’t focuses on keeping out or deporting “undesirables” from enemy countries like Germany, Austria, Turkey, Bulgaria • People put into labor camps and their right to vote taken away.

16. WWII and immigration (p.81) • WWII 1939 - 1945 • Canada closes its borders to immigrants • Canada has a contradiction in attitudes: they are for fighting against the Nazis but also very xenophobic and anti-Semitic. • Immigrants from Germany, Italy, and Japan are put in labour camps.

17. Baby Boom 1940’s-1960(p.82) • There is sharp increase in the birth rate after WWII • Return of the troops and economic prosperity meant more people were able to have children. • More women gave birth in hospitals which meant less babies died during birth • More young people meant more schools and hospitals had to be built

18. Population & Immigration in 1960’s (p.83-85) • 1960’s mark a major change in Canada’s cultural values that affects population and immigration (feminism, multiculturalism) • The birth rate declines as women are more likely to enter the workforce • New immigration laws are written that are no longer discriminatory by race. Instead people are admitted based on their skills.

19. Immigration in 1960’s • Countries that immigrants are coming from in the 1960’s: India, Pakistan, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Philippines, Jamaica, China, Vietnam • Canada increasingly accepts immigrants on humanitarian grounds such as refugees escaping wars in other countries.

20. Immigration in Quebec 1970’s (p.86) • In 1976, the Parti Quebecois passed the Charter of the French Language (Bill 101) • It is meant to keep French as the dominant language in Quebec. • This law requires all new immigrants to Quebec to learn French and have their children attend French schools.

21. Quebec’s population today (p.88-92) • More and more people live just outside the cities in the suburbs and drive in to work. “Urban Sprawl” is the continuous growth of the suburbs. Examples are places like Laval and the South Shore.

22. Quebec’s Population Today • Quebec continues to have a low birth rate. Families are only having one or two children. • More couples are getting divorces. Instead of getting married, more couples have common law unions. More children are being born outside of marriage. • The aging baby boomers make average age of the population much older. They also put a greater strain on the healthcare system.

23. What you need to know for the test • Go through all the notes. They are posted online. If its not in the notes it won’t be on the test. • In text book we have covered pages 61-91 (we did not cover everything in the book, so use your notes as a reference) • Study text document 138 on p.80 • Picture document 132 on p. 76

24. Questions you should be able to answer • Why is immigration important at Confederation? • What is the National Policy? What does it say about immigration? • Where do most immigrants end up in Canada? Where are they coming from? • How did immigration and colonization affect Aboriginal groups in Western Canada? • What is industrialization? What is urbanization? Where do these phenomenon happen?

25. Questions you should be able to answer • What were Canada’s immigration laws like in the early 20th century? • How did WWI and WWI affect immigration in Canada? • What time period do certain ethnic groups begin to arrive in Canada? • What ethnic groups made up Montreal’s population in the early 20th century?