Today’s Agenda

1. Today’s Agenda • Introductions – Starting with loose ends for me • - Continuing with you as a full class • Citing Methods and First Paper • Discussion of Race, Ethnicity and Immigration in groups and as a whole class • Ideology and Experience in US History

2. Alternative Citation Method Citing a Book: William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1975), pp. 500-501. Citing a Magazine Article: Sanford Rose, “Multinational Corporations in a Tough New World,” Fortune, August 1973, p. 57. Citing a Newspaper Article: Daniel Sneider, “Hello, this is India. Can I help you?” San Jose Mercury News, August 10, 2003, p. B8. Citing an Essay in a Book: Karen Hossfeld, “Hiring Immigrant Women: Silicon Valley’s Simple Formula,”in Women of Color in U.S. Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), p. 72.

3. Internet Source Citation and Block Quotes "Eyewitness to an Execution," Interview with Chuck Carlson by George Cadman, 15 Feb 2004, <http://santacruz.indymedia.org/newswire/display_any/7553>. Block Quotes: When? Any quote that would be more than four lines in regular text. How? Single Space, Indent with Tab as below (If your normal text is 12 point font, the block quote should be in 10 point font/ double space between normal text and block quote/ no quotation marks and footnote at end of quote: A freedman wrote his master in particularly sarcastic form, saying: SIR: I got your letter, and was glad to find that you had not forgotten Jourdon, and that you wanted me to come back and live with you again, promising to do better for me than anybody else can. I have often felt uneasy about you. I thought the Yankees would have hung you long before this, for harboring Rebs they found at your house. I suppose they never heard about your going to Colonel Martin's to kill the Union soldier that was left by his company in their stable. Although you shot at me twice before I left you, I did not want to hear of your being hurt, and am glad you are still living. It would do me good to go back to the dear old home again, and see Miss Mary and Miss Martha and Allen, Esther, Green, and Lee. Give my love to them all, and tell them I hope we will meet in the better world, if not in this. I would have gone back to see you all when I was working in the Nashville Hospital, but one of the neighbors told me that Henry intended to shoot me if he ever got a chance.²² This is a clear example of that freed slaves were quickly embracing their freedom and setting out on an independent course in life following emancipation. ²² “Letter from a Freedman to His Old Master,” Dayton, Ohio, August 7, 1865. <http://blah,blah,blah> [1]“Letter from a Freedman to His Old Master,” Dayton, Ohio, August 7, 1865.

4. What is Race? What is Ethnicity? Who is an Immigrant • Is race biological and to what extent? Is race socially constructed and/or defined? • How do you define ethnicity? What elements does it include? • What is the difference between race and ethnicity? How do they relate? • Who, exactly, is an immigrant? • What is the importance of the immigrant to American identity?

5. “It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. . . . Three generations of imbeciles are enough.” -- Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in Buck v. Bell, 1927.

6. Views and Statements on Race, Ethnicity and Immigration • “(On Native Americans) The people were savages. It’s true, they damn well were … scalping people." - Rush Limbaugh • The first difference which strikes us is that of colour. - Whether the black of the negro resides in the reticular membrane between the skin and scarf-skin, or in the scarf-skin itself; whether it proceeds from the colour of the blood, the colour of the bile, or from that of some other secretion, the difference is fixed in nature, and is as real as if its seat and cause were better known to us. And is this difference of no importance? Is it not the foundation of a greater or less share of beauty in the two races? Are not the fine mixtures of red and white, the expressions of every passion by greater or less suffusions of colour in the one, preferable to that eternal monotony, which reigns in the countenances, that immovable veil of black which covers all the emotions of the other race? -Thomas Jefferson

7. “The ones who come here are usually the most stupid of their nation. . . . unless the stream of importation could be turned. . . . they will soon outnumber us. . . . and all the advantages we have, will in my opinion, be not able to preserve our language, and even our government will become precarious.” - Benjamin Franklin on German immigrants, 1753 • "I have always been in favor of a healthy Americanization, but that does not mean a complete disavowal of our German heritage. It means that our character should take on the best of that which is American, and combine it with the best of that which is German. By doing this, we can best serve the American people and their civilization." - Carl Schurz

8. What Makes Us Individuals?Race, Ethnicity and The Elements of Identity. • How do you identify yourself in terms of ethnic/racial background? • Ex. Hispanic, Latino/Latina, Chicano/Chicana, Mexican-American, Mexican, etc. • Elements of Personal Identity (rank in order of importance): race, ethnicity, gender, class, sexual identity, nationality, region or community, religion or spirituality, education (school or degree/level), job, political affiliation, family, leisure/creative activity (sports, art, music, dance), generation (peer group/age), style or appearance • Ideology and Experience in History

9. Race and Ideology • Ideas about color, like ideas about anything else, derive their importance, indeed their very definition, from their context. It is the ideological context that tells people which details to notice, which to ignore, and which to take for granted in translating the world around them into ideas about the world. • The idea one people has of another, even when the difference between them is embodied in the most striking physical characteristics, is always mediated by the social context within which the two come into contact. • The view that race is a biological fact . . . is no longer tenable. • Race . . . is a purely ideological notion. Once ideology is stripped away, nothing remains except an abstraction which, while meaningful to the statistician, could scarcely have inspired all the mischief that race has caused during its malevolent historical career. • The material concept on which the concept purports to rest – the biological inequality of human beings – is spurious. There is only one human species, and the most dramatic differences can be wiped out in one act of miscegenation. • That does not mean that race is unreal: all ideologies are real, in that they are the embodiment in thought of real social relations. Barbara Fields, Race and Ideology in American History

10. The Ideological Wheel Rejection Restoration Ideology Experience Reformulation Reflexivity With apologies to the Anglican Church

11. What is Ideology? • All ideologies are real; they are the embodiment in thought of social relations. • Ideologies offer a ready-made interpretation of the world, a sort of hand-me-down vocabulary with which to name the elements of every new experience. • Ideologies are the eyes through which people see social reality, the form in which they experience it in their own consciousness. - Barbara Fields, Ideology and Race

12. Experience “Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life.” - Karl Marx, The German Ideology "I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging the future but by the past.“ - Patrick Henry, American Revolutionary

13. Reflexivity “ . . . to be truly reflexive, where the same person(s) are both subject and object, [the observer and the observed] violence has to be done to commonsense ways of classifying the world and society. The self is ‘split up the middle’ – it is something that one both is and one sees and, furthermore, acts upon as though it were another.” - Victor Turner, The Anthropology of Performance

14. Reformulation "Precisely because ideologies consist of contradictory and inconsistent elements, they can undergo fundamental change simply through a reshuffling of those elements into a different hierarchy."[1] On why ideologies are restored and not reformulated (or the need to change is rejected): “Attitudes are promiscuous critters and don’t mind cohabiting with their opposites.” - Barbara Fields, Ideology and Race [1] “Ideology and Race in AmericanHistory,” in Kouser and James M. McPherson, eds., Region, Race and Reconstruction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 154.

15. Rejection and Restoration Sometimes people have experiences that challenge their basic assumptions about the world, but don’t result in bringing about a change in their ideology or world view. The first way is that they go into a state of denial and never become reflexive – “I don’t even want to think about it – not gonna’ go there.” They reject the need to change their thinking about life and the world. The second is that they do become reflexive, thoughtful about how an experience challenges their ideology, but decide they don’t need to change, or perhaps just adjust their world view a little. They essentially restore their old Ideology.